feat(render): dynamic OpenGL/Vulkan backend split and backend-neutral viewer

- Extract libolive-rendercore static library to minimize backend link boundary.
- Add DynamicRenderer adapter with C ABI (oakgl/oakvulkan shared libs).
- Make OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND default ON with OpenGL fallback.
- Implement VulkanRenderer prototype (textures, shaders, UBO blit, readback).
- Add backend-neutral viewer readback path (offscreen -> QImage -> QPainter).
- Refactor PluginRenderer to be renderer-agnostic; OFX plugins fall back to CPU
  path on non-OpenGL backends while preserving OpenGL render path.
- Add Renderer::AttachOutputTexture/DetachOutputTexture and C ABI forwards.
- Update docs/zh/render-backend-dynamic-plan.md for Phase 3/4/5.

.github/workflows/cd.yml

@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ jobs:
             mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-fmt
             mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-expat
             mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-portaudio
+            mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-vulkan-headers
+            mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-vulkan-loader
             mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-nsis
             mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-ntldd
 
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: |
           brew update
-          brew install cmake ninja pkg-config qt@6 ffmpeg openimageio opencolorio openexr portaudio expat dylibbundler
+          brew install cmake ninja pkg-config qt@6 ffmpeg openimageio opencolorio openexr portaudio expat molten-vk vulkan-headers dylibbundler
 
       - name: Build OpenTimelineIO
         run: |
@@ -261,7 +263,7 @@ jobs:
             qt6-base-dev qt6-base-dev-tools qt6-base-private-dev qt6-tools-dev qt6-tools-dev-tools \
             libavcodec-dev libavformat-dev libavutil-dev libswscale-dev libswresample-dev libavfilter-dev \
             libopencolorio-dev libopenimageio-dev libopenexr-dev libexpat1-dev \
-            portaudio19-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libxkbcommon-dev \
+            portaudio19-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libvulkan-dev vulkan-headers libxkbcommon-dev \
             wget fuse3 desktop-file-utils
 
       - name: Build

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ jobs:
             qt6-base-dev qt6-base-dev-tools qt6-base-private-dev qt6-tools-dev qt6-tools-dev-tools \
             libavcodec-dev libavformat-dev libavutil-dev libswscale-dev libswresample-dev libavfilter-dev \
             libopencolorio-dev libopenimageio-dev libopenexr-dev libexpat1-dev \
-            portaudio19-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libxkbcommon-dev
+            portaudio19-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libvulkan-dev vulkan-headers vulkan-validationlayers-dev libxkbcommon-dev
 
       # ------------------------------------------------------------------
       # macOS dependencies
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ jobs:
         if: runner.os == 'macOS'
         run: |
           brew update
-          brew install ninja pkg-config qt@6 ffmpeg openimageio opencolorio openexr portaudio expat
+          brew install ninja pkg-config qt@6 ffmpeg openimageio opencolorio openexr portaudio expat molten-vk vulkan-headers
           echo "$(brew --prefix qt@6)/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
           echo "CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=$(brew --prefix qt@6)" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
 
@@ -84,6 +84,8 @@ jobs:
             mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-fmt
             mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-expat
             mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-portaudio
+            mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-vulkan-headers
+            mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-vulkan-loader
             mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-make
 
       # ------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -226,3 +228,45 @@ jobs:
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
         shell: msys2 {0}
         run: ./build/tests/gtest/olive-gtest --gtest_filter="ViewerSmoke*"
+
+  # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+  # Experimental dynamic render backend (Linux only)
+  # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+  build-test-dynamic-backend:
+    runs-on: warp-ubuntu-latest-x64-16x
+    env:
+      CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE: Release
+      QT_QPA_PLATFORM: offscreen
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          submodules: 'true'
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y \
+            ninja-build pkg-config nasm \
+            qt6-base-dev qt6-base-dev-tools qt6-base-private-dev qt6-tools-dev qt6-tools-dev-tools \
+            libavcodec-dev libavformat-dev libavutil-dev libswscale-dev libswresample-dev libavfilter-dev \
+            libopencolorio-dev libopenimageio-dev libopenexr-dev libexpat1-dev \
+            portaudio19-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libvulkan-dev vulkan-headers vulkan-validationlayers-dev libxkbcommon-dev
+
+      - name: Configure
+        run: |
+          cmake -S . -B build -G Ninja \
+            -DBUILD_TESTS=ON \
+            -DBUILD_QT6=ON \
+            -DOAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND=ON \
+            -DOCIO_LOCATION=/usr \
+            -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build --config ${{ env.CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE }}
+
+      - name: Test
+        run: ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure -C ${{ env.CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE }}
+
+      - name: Dynamic Render Backend Smoke Tests
+        run: ./build/tests/gtest/olive-gtest --gtest_filter="DynamicRenderBackend*"

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -104,6 +104,18 @@ endif()
 find_package(OpenGL REQUIRED)
 list(APPEND OLIVE_LIBRARIES OpenGL::GL)
 
+# Optional: Link Vulkan and shaderc (for the Vulkan render backend)
+find_package(Vulkan)
+find_package(PkgConfig)
+if(PkgConfig_FOUND)
+  pkg_check_modules(SHADERC shaderc)
+endif()
+if(Vulkan_FOUND)
+  message(STATUS "Vulkan found: ${Vulkan_LIBRARIES}")
+else()
+  message(STATUS "   Vulkan not found. The Vulkan render backend will be disabled.")
+endif()
+
 # Link OpenColorIO
 find_package(OpenColorIO 2.1.1 REQUIRED)
 list(APPEND OLIVE_LIBRARIES ${OCIO_LIBRARIES})

app/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ include_directories(../third_party/openfx/include
 # Remove prefix - prevents CMake calling it "liblibolive-editor"
 set_target_properties(libolive-editor PROPERTIES PREFIX "")
 
-option(OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND "Build and use the experimental dynamic render backend adapter" OFF)
+option(OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND "Build and use the dynamic render backend adapter" ON)
 if (OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND)
   set_target_properties(libolive-editor PROPERTIES POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
   target_compile_definitions(libolive-editor PRIVATE OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND)
@@ -98,41 +98,94 @@ if (OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND)
     endif()
   endforeach()
 
-  add_library(oakgl SHARED
+  # Render core library: the minimal set of code required by the OpenGL/Vulkan backend
-    render/opengl/openglbackend_c.cpp
+  # libraries. Keeping this separate from libolive-editor prevents the backends from
-    $<TARGET_OBJECTS:libolive-editor>
+  # dragging in editor-wide state (project, task, cache, UI, etc.).
+  add_library(libolive-rendercore STATIC
+    common/avframeptr.h
+    common/define.h
+    common/filefunctions.cpp
+    common/filefunctions.h
+    common/qtutils.cpp
+    common/qtutils.h
+    config/config.cpp
+    config/config.h
+    node/param.cpp
+    node/param.h
+    node/splitvalue.h
+    node/value.cpp
+    node/value.h
+    node/valuedatabase.cpp
+    node/valuedatabase.h
+    render/backend/dynamicrenderer.cpp
+    render/backend/dynamicrenderer.h
+    render/backend/renderbackend_c.h
+    render/job/acceleratedjob.cpp
+    render/job/acceleratedjob.h
+    render/job/shaderjob.h
+    render/renderer.cpp
+    render/renderer.h
+    render/shadercode.h
+    render/texture.cpp
+    render/texture.h
+    render/videoparams.cpp
+    render/videoparams.h
   )
-  target_include_directories(oakgl PRIVATE
+  set_target_properties(libolive-rendercore PROPERTIES POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
+  target_include_directories(libolive-rendercore PUBLIC
     ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/app
     ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/third_party/openfx/include
     ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/third_party/openfx/HostSupport/include
     ${OLIVE_INCLUDE_DIRS}
   )
-  target_link_libraries(oakgl PRIVATE ${OLIVE_LIBRARIES} OfxHost)
+  target_link_libraries(libolive-rendercore PUBLIC ${OLIVE_LIBRARIES} OfxHost)
-  target_compile_definitions(oakgl PRIVATE ${OLIVE_DEFINITIONS})
+  target_compile_definitions(libolive-rendercore PUBLIC ${OLIVE_DEFINITIONS})
-  target_compile_options(oakgl PRIVATE ${OLIVE_COMPILE_OPTIONS})
+  target_compile_options(libolive-rendercore PUBLIC ${OLIVE_COMPILE_OPTIONS})
+
+  add_library(oakgl SHARED
+    render/opengl/openglbackend_c.cpp
+    render/opengl/openglrenderer.cpp
+    render/opengl/openglrenderer.h
+  )
+  target_link_libraries(oakgl PRIVATE libolive-rendercore)
   set_target_properties(oakgl PROPERTIES
     OUTPUT_NAME oakgl
     LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
     RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
     ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
   )
+  install(TARGETS oakgl
+    RUNTIME DESTINATION bin
+    LIBRARY DESTINATION lib
+    ARCHIVE DESTINATION lib
+  )
 
   add_library(oakvulkan SHARED
     render/vulkan/vulkanbackend_c.cpp
+    render/vulkan/vulkanrenderer.cpp
+    render/vulkan/vulkanrenderer.h
   )
-  target_include_directories(oakvulkan PRIVATE
+  target_link_libraries(oakvulkan PRIVATE libolive-rendercore)
-    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/app
+  if(Vulkan_FOUND)
-  )
+    target_link_libraries(oakvulkan PRIVATE Vulkan::Vulkan)
-  target_link_libraries(oakvulkan PRIVATE Qt${QT_VERSION_MAJOR}::Core)
+    target_compile_definitions(oakvulkan PRIVATE OAK_HAS_VULKAN)
-  target_compile_definitions(oakvulkan PRIVATE ${OLIVE_DEFINITIONS})
+  endif()
-  target_compile_options(oakvulkan PRIVATE ${OLIVE_COMPILE_OPTIONS})
+  if(SHADERC_FOUND)
+    target_link_libraries(oakvulkan PRIVATE ${SHADERC_LIBRARIES})
+    target_include_directories(oakvulkan PRIVATE ${SHADERC_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+    target_compile_definitions(oakvulkan PRIVATE OAK_HAS_SHADERC)
+  endif()
   set_target_properties(oakvulkan PROPERTIES
     OUTPUT_NAME oakvulkan
     LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
     RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
     ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
   )
+  install(TARGETS oakvulkan
+    RUNTIME DESTINATION bin
+    LIBRARY DESTINATION lib
+    ARCHIVE DESTINATION lib
+  )
 endif()
 
 add_library(oakgl-cabi-check OBJECT
@@ -150,11 +203,25 @@ target_compile_options(oakgl-cabi-check PRIVATE ${OLIVE_COMPILE_OPTIONS})
 
 add_library(oakvulkan-cabi-check OBJECT
   render/vulkan/vulkanbackend_c.cpp
+  render/vulkan/vulkanrenderer.cpp
+  render/vulkan/vulkanrenderer.h
 )
 target_include_directories(oakvulkan-cabi-check PRIVATE
   ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/app
+  ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/third_party/openfx/include
+  ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/third_party/openfx/HostSupport/include
+  ${OLIVE_INCLUDE_DIRS}
 )
-target_link_libraries(oakvulkan-cabi-check PRIVATE Qt${QT_VERSION_MAJOR}::Core)
+target_link_libraries(oakvulkan-cabi-check PRIVATE Qt${QT_VERSION_MAJOR}::Core Qt${QT_VERSION_MAJOR}::Gui Qt${QT_VERSION_MAJOR}::Widgets)
+if(Vulkan_FOUND)
+  target_link_libraries(oakvulkan-cabi-check PRIVATE Vulkan::Vulkan)
+  target_compile_definitions(oakvulkan-cabi-check PRIVATE OAK_HAS_VULKAN)
+endif()
+if(SHADERC_FOUND)
+  target_link_libraries(oakvulkan-cabi-check PRIVATE ${SHADERC_LIBRARIES})
+  target_include_directories(oakvulkan-cabi-check PRIVATE ${SHADERC_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+  target_compile_definitions(oakvulkan-cabi-check PRIVATE OAK_HAS_SHADERC)
+endif()
 target_compile_definitions(oakvulkan-cabi-check PRIVATE ${OLIVE_DEFINITIONS})
 target_compile_options(oakvulkan-cabi-check PRIVATE ${OLIVE_COMPILE_OPTIONS})
 
@@ -183,6 +250,10 @@ add_executable(olive-render-worker
 )
 target_include_directories(olive-render-worker PUBLIC pluginSupport)
 target_link_libraries(olive-render-worker PUBLIC OfxHost)
+if (OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND)
+  target_compile_definitions(olive-render-worker PRIVATE OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND)
+  add_dependencies(olive-render-worker oakgl oakvulkan)
+endif()
 # Create docs if doxygen was found
 if(DOXYGEN_FOUND)
   set(DOXYGEN_PROJECT_NAME "Oak Video Editor")

app/common/avframeptr.h

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/***
+
+  Olive - Non-Linear Video Editor
+  Copyright (C) 2022 Olive Team
+  Modifications Copyright (C) 2025 mikesolar
+
+  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+  GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+***/
+
+#ifndef AVFRAMEPTR_H
+#define AVFRAMEPTR_H
+
+extern "C" {
+#include <libavutil/frame.h>
+}
+
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace olive
+{
+
+using AVFramePtr = std::shared_ptr<AVFrame>;
+
+inline AVFramePtr CreateAVFramePtr(AVFrame *f)
+{
+	return std::shared_ptr<AVFrame>(f, [](AVFrame *g) { av_frame_free(&g); });
+}
+
+inline AVFramePtr CreateAVFramePtr()
+{
+	return CreateAVFramePtr(av_frame_alloc());
+}
+
+}
+
+#endif // AVFRAMEPTR_H

app/common/ffmpegutils.h

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ extern "C" {
 
 #include <olive/core/core.h>
 
+#include "common/avframeptr.h"
 #include "render/videoparams.h"
 
 namespace olive
@@ -85,16 +86,6 @@ public:
 	static AVPixelFormat ConvertJPEGSpaceToRegularSpace(AVPixelFormat f);
 };
 
-using AVFramePtr = std::shared_ptr<AVFrame>;
-inline AVFramePtr CreateAVFramePtr(AVFrame *f)
-{
- 	return std::shared_ptr<AVFrame>(f, [](AVFrame *g) { av_frame_free(&g); });
-}
-inline AVFramePtr CreateAVFramePtr()
-{
-	return CreateAVFramePtr(av_frame_alloc());
-}
-
 }
 
 #endif // FFMPEGABSTRACTION_H

app/render/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ set(OLIVE_SOURCES
   render/backend/dynamicrenderer.h
   render/backend/renderbackend_c.h
   render/cancelatom.h
+  render/colormanagement.cpp
   render/colorprocessor.cpp
   render/colorprocessor.h
   render/colorprocessorcache.h
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@ set(OLIVE_SOURCES
   render/framehashcache.h
   render/framemanager.cpp
   render/framemanager.h
+  render/interlacetexture.cpp
   render/loopmode.h
   render/managedcolor.cpp
   render/managedcolor.h

app/render/backend/dynamicrenderer.cpp

@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ QString DynamicRenderer::LibraryFilename() const
 	const QStringList candidates = {
 		app_dir.filePath(filename),
 		app_dir.filePath(QDir(QStringLiteral("render_backends")).filePath(filename)),
+		app_dir.filePath(QDir(QStringLiteral("../lib")).filePath(filename)),
+		app_dir.filePath(QDir(QStringLiteral("../../lib")).filePath(filename)),
 		app_dir.filePath(QDir(QStringLiteral("../app")).filePath(filename)),
 		app_dir.filePath(QDir(QStringLiteral("../../app")).filePath(filename))
 	};
@@ -139,6 +141,10 @@ bool DynamicRenderer::ResolveFunctions()
 	RESOLVE(get_pixel_from_texture_, OakBackendGetPixelFromTextureFn,
 			"oak_renderer_get_pixel_from_texture");
 	RESOLVE(blit_, OakBackendBlitFn, "oak_renderer_blit");
+	RESOLVE(attach_output_texture_, OakBackendAttachOutputTextureFn,
+			"oak_renderer_attach_output_texture");
+	RESOLVE(detach_output_texture_, OakBackendDetachOutputTextureFn,
+			"oak_renderer_detach_output_texture");
 	RESOLVE(opengl_context_, OakBackendOpenGLContextFn,
 			"oak_renderer_opengl_context");
 #undef RESOLVE
@@ -184,6 +190,8 @@ void DynamicRenderer::ResetFunctions()
 	flush_ = nullptr;
 	get_pixel_from_texture_ = nullptr;
 	blit_ = nullptr;
+	attach_output_texture_ = nullptr;
+	detach_output_texture_ = nullptr;
 	opengl_context_ = nullptr;
 }
 
@@ -271,6 +279,11 @@ QOpenGLContext *DynamicRenderer::OpenGLContext() const
 		: nullptr;
 }
 
+bool DynamicRenderer::IsOpenGL() const
+{
+	return backend_ == QStringLiteral("opengl");
+}
+
 void DynamicRenderer::Blit(QVariant shader, AcceleratedJob &job,
 					   Texture *destination, VideoParams destination_params,
 					   bool clear_destination)
@@ -301,4 +314,19 @@ void DynamicRenderer::DestroyInternal()
 	}
 }
 
+void DynamicRenderer::AttachOutputTexture(Texture *texture)
+{
+	if (attach_output_texture_ && texture) {
+		QVariant id = texture->id();
+		attach_output_texture_(handle_, &id);
+	}
+}
+
+void DynamicRenderer::DetachOutputTexture()
+{
+	if (detach_output_texture_) {
+		detach_output_texture_(handle_);
+	}
+}
+
 }

app/render/backend/dynamicrenderer.h

@@ -44,6 +44,12 @@ public:
 								  const QPointF &pt) override;
 	virtual QOpenGLContext *OpenGLContext() const override;
 
+	virtual bool IsOpenGL() const override;
+
+	virtual void AttachOutputTexture(Texture *texture) override;
+
+	virtual void DetachOutputTexture() override;
+
 protected:
 	virtual void Blit(QVariant shader, AcceleratedJob &job,
 				  Texture *destination, VideoParams destination_params,
@@ -84,6 +90,8 @@ private:
 	OakBackendFlushFn flush_ = nullptr;
 	OakBackendGetPixelFromTextureFn get_pixel_from_texture_ = nullptr;
 	OakBackendBlitFn blit_ = nullptr;
+	OakBackendAttachOutputTextureFn attach_output_texture_ = nullptr;
+	OakBackendDetachOutputTextureFn detach_output_texture_ = nullptr;
 	OakBackendOpenGLContextFn opengl_context_ = nullptr;
 };
 

app/render/backend/renderbackend_c.h

@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ enum OakRenderBackendCapability {
 	OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_CAP_SHADERS = 1ULL << 1,
 	OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_CAP_BLIT = 1ULL << 2,
 	OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_CAP_READBACK = 1ULL << 3,
-	OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_CAP_VIEWER_CONTEXT = 1ULL << 4
+	OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_CAP_VIEWER_CONTEXT = 1ULL << 4,
+	OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_CAP_INSTANCE = 1ULL << 5,
+	OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_CAP_DEVICE = 1ULL << 6
 };
 
 struct OakRenderBackendInfo {
@@ -81,6 +83,9 @@ typedef void (*OakBackendBlitFn)(OakRenderBackendHandle handle,
 								 void *destination,
 								 const void *destination_params,
 								 bool clear_destination);
+typedef void (*OakBackendAttachOutputTextureFn)(OakRenderBackendHandle handle,
+											const void *texture_id);
+typedef void (*OakBackendDetachOutputTextureFn)(OakRenderBackendHandle handle);
 typedef void *(*OakBackendOpenGLContextFn)(OakRenderBackendHandle handle);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus

app/render/colormanagement.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+/***
+
+  Olive - Non-Linear Video Editor
+  Copyright (C) 2022 Olive Team
+  Modifications Copyright (C) 2025 mikesolar
+
+  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+  GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+***/
+
+#include "renderer.h"
+
+#include "common/filefunctions.h"
+#include "node/node.h"
+#include "render/colorprocessor.h"
+#include "render/job/colortransformjob.h"
+#include "render/job/shaderjob.h"
+
+namespace olive
+{
+
+bool Renderer::GetColorContext(const ColorTransformJob &color_job,
+							   Renderer::ColorContext *ctx)
+{
+	QMutexLocker locker(&color_cache_mutex_);
+
+	ColorContext &color_ctx = *ctx;
+
+	QString proc_id = color_job.id();
+
+	if (color_cache_.contains(proc_id)) {
+		color_ctx = color_cache_.value(proc_id);
+		return true;
+	} else {
+		// Create shader description
+		QString ocio_func_name;
+		if (color_job.GetFunctionName().isEmpty()) {
+			ocio_func_name = "OCIODisplay";
+		} else {
+			ocio_func_name = color_job.GetFunctionName();
+		}
+		auto shader_desc = OCIO::GpuShaderDesc::CreateShaderDesc();
+		shader_desc->setLanguage(OCIO::GPU_LANGUAGE_GLSL_ES_3_0);
+		shader_desc->setFunctionName(ocio_func_name.toUtf8());
+		shader_desc->setResourcePrefix("ocio_");
+
+		// Generate shader
+		color_job.GetColorProcessor()
+			->GetProcessor()
+			->getDefaultGPUProcessor()
+			->extractGpuShaderInfo(shader_desc);
+
+		ShaderCode code;
+		if (const Node *shader_src = color_job.CustomShaderSource()) {
+			// Use shader code from associated node
+			code = shader_src->GetShaderCode(
+				{ color_job.CustomShaderID(), shader_desc->getShaderText() });
+		} else {
+			// Generate shader code using OCIO stub and our auto-generated name
+			code = FileFunctions::ReadFileAsString(
+				QStringLiteral(":/shaders/colormanage.frag"));
+			code.set_frag_code(
+				code.frag_code().arg(shader_desc->getShaderText()));
+		}
+
+		// Try to compile shader
+		color_ctx.compiled_shader = CreateNativeShader(code);
+
+		if (color_ctx.compiled_shader.isNull()) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		color_ctx.lut3d_textures.resize(shader_desc->getNum3DTextures());
+		for (unsigned int i = 0; i < shader_desc->getNum3DTextures(); i++) {
+			const char *tex_name = nullptr;
+			const char *sampler_name = nullptr;
+			unsigned int edge_len = 0;
+			OCIO::Interpolation interpolation = OCIO::INTERP_LINEAR;
+
+			shader_desc->get3DTexture(i, tex_name, sampler_name, edge_len,
+									  interpolation);
+
+			if (!tex_name || !*tex_name || !sampler_name || !*sampler_name ||
+				!edge_len) {
+				qCritical() << "3D LUT texture data is corrupted";
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			const float *values = nullptr;
+			shader_desc->get3DTextureValues(i, values);
+			if (!values) {
+				qCritical() << "3D LUT texture values are missing";
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			// Allocate 3D LUT
+			color_ctx.lut3d_textures[i].texture = CreateTexture(
+				VideoParams(edge_len, edge_len, edge_len, PixelFormat::F32,
+							VideoParams::kRGBChannelCount),
+				values);
+			color_ctx.lut3d_textures[i].name = sampler_name;
+			color_ctx.lut3d_textures[i].interpolation =
+				(interpolation == OCIO::INTERP_NEAREST) ? Texture::kNearest :
+													  Texture::kLinear;
+		}
+
+		color_ctx.lut1d_textures.resize(shader_desc->getNumTextures());
+		for (unsigned int i = 0; i < shader_desc->getNumTextures(); i++) {
+			const char *tex_name = nullptr;
+			const char *sampler_name = nullptr;
+			unsigned int width = 0, height = 0;
+			OCIO::GpuShaderDesc::TextureType channel =
+				OCIO::GpuShaderDesc::TEXTURE_RGB_CHANNEL;
+			OCIO::Interpolation interpolation = OCIO::INTERP_LINEAR;
+#if OCIO_VERSION_MAJOR > 2 || (OCIO_VERSION_MAJOR == 2 && OCIO_VERSION_MINOR >= 3)
+			OCIO::GpuShaderDesc::TextureDimensions dimensions =
+				OCIO::GpuShaderDesc::TEXTURE_2D;
+			shader_desc->getTexture(i, tex_name, sampler_name, width, height,
+									channel, dimensions, interpolation);
+#else
+			shader_desc->getTexture(i, tex_name, sampler_name, width, height,
+									channel, interpolation);
+#endif
+
+			if (!tex_name || !*tex_name || !sampler_name || !*sampler_name ||
+				!width) {
+				qCritical() << "1D LUT texture data is corrupted";
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			const float *values = nullptr;
+			shader_desc->getTextureValues(i, values);
+			if (!values) {
+				qCritical() << "1D LUT texture values are missing";
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			// Allocate 1D LUT
+			color_ctx.lut1d_textures[i].texture = CreateTexture(
+				VideoParams(width, height, PixelFormat::F32,
+							(channel ==
+								 OCIO::GpuShaderDesc::TEXTURE_RED_CHANNEL) ?
+									1 :
+									VideoParams::kRGBChannelCount),
+				values);
+			color_ctx.lut1d_textures[i].name = sampler_name;
+			color_ctx.lut1d_textures[i].interpolation =
+				(interpolation == OCIO::INTERP_NEAREST) ? Texture::kNearest :
+													  Texture::kLinear;
+		}
+
+		color_cache_.insert(proc_id, color_ctx);
+
+		return true;
+	}
+}
+
+void Renderer::BlitColorManaged(const ColorTransformJob &color_job,
+								Texture *destination, const VideoParams &params)
+{
+	ColorContext color_ctx;
+	if (!GetColorContext(color_job, &color_ctx)) {
+		ShaderJob fallback_job;
+		fallback_job.Insert(QStringLiteral("ove_maintex"),
+							color_job.GetInputTexture());
+		fallback_job.Insert(
+			QStringLiteral("ove_mvpmat"),
+			NodeValue(NodeValue::kMatrix, color_job.GetTransformMatrix()));
+
+		if (destination) {
+			BlitToTexture(GetDefaultShader(), fallback_job, destination,
+						  color_job.IsClearDestinationEnabled());
+		} else {
+			Blit(GetDefaultShader(), fallback_job, params,
+				 color_job.IsClearDestinationEnabled());
+		}
+		return;
+	}
+
+	ShaderJob job;
+	job.Insert(QStringLiteral("ove_maintex"), color_job.GetInputTexture());
+	job.Insert(QStringLiteral("ove_mvpmat"),
+			   NodeValue(NodeValue::kMatrix, color_job.GetTransformMatrix()));
+	job.Insert(QStringLiteral("ove_cropmatrix"),
+			   NodeValue(NodeValue::kMatrix,
+						 color_job.GetCropMatrix().inverted()));
+	job.Insert(QStringLiteral("ove_maintex_alpha"),
+			   NodeValue(NodeValue::kInt,
+						 int(color_job.GetInputAlphaAssociation())));
+	job.Insert(QStringLiteral("ove_force_opaque"),
+			   NodeValue(NodeValue::kBoolean, color_job.GetForceOpaque()));
+	job.Insert(color_job.GetValues());
+
+	foreach (const ColorContext::LUT &l, color_ctx.lut3d_textures) {
+		job.Insert(l.name, NodeValue(NodeValue::kTexture,
+								   QVariant::fromValue(l.texture)));
+		job.SetInterpolation(l.name, l.interpolation);
+	}
+	foreach (const ColorContext::LUT &l, color_ctx.lut1d_textures) {
+		job.Insert(l.name, NodeValue(NodeValue::kTexture,
+								   QVariant::fromValue(l.texture)));
+		job.SetInterpolation(l.name, l.interpolation);
+	}
+
+	if (destination) {
+		BlitToTexture(color_ctx.compiled_shader, job, destination,
+					  color_job.IsClearDestinationEnabled());
+	} else {
+		Blit(color_ctx.compiled_shader, job, params,
+			 color_job.IsClearDestinationEnabled());
+	}
+}
+
+}

app/render/interlacetexture.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/***
+
+  Olive - Non-Linear Video Editor
+  Copyright (C) 2022 Olive Team
+  Modifications Copyright (C) 2025 mikesolar
+
+  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+  GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+***/
+
+#include "renderer.h"
+
+#include "common/filefunctions.h"
+#include "node/value.h"
+#include "render/job/shaderjob.h"
+
+namespace olive
+{
+
+TexturePtr Renderer::InterlaceTexture(TexturePtr top, TexturePtr bottom,
+									  const VideoParams &params)
+{
+	color_cache_mutex_.lock();
+	if (interlace_texture_.isNull()) {
+		interlace_texture_ =
+			CreateNativeShader(ShaderCode(FileFunctions::ReadFileAsString(
+				QStringLiteral(":/shaders/interlace.frag"))));
+	}
+	color_cache_mutex_.unlock();
+
+	ShaderJob job;
+	job.Insert(QStringLiteral("top_tex_in"),
+			   NodeValue(NodeValue::kTexture, QVariant::fromValue(top)));
+	job.Insert(QStringLiteral("bottom_tex_in"),
+			   NodeValue(NodeValue::kTexture, QVariant::fromValue(bottom)));
+	job.Insert(QStringLiteral("resolution_in"),
+			   NodeValue(NodeValue::kVec2,
+						 QVector2D(params.effective_width(),
+								   params.effective_height())));
+
+	TexturePtr output = CreateTexture(params);
+
+	BlitToTexture(interlace_texture_, job, output.get());
+
+	return output;
+}
+
+}

app/render/opengl/openglbackend_c.cpp

@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ public:
 	using olive::OpenGLRenderer::CreateNativeTexture;
 	using olive::OpenGLRenderer::DestroyInternal;
 	using olive::OpenGLRenderer::DestroyNativeTexture;
+	using olive::OpenGLRenderer::AttachTextureAsDestination;
+	using olive::OpenGLRenderer::DetachTextureAsDestination;
 };
 
 BackendOpenGLRenderer *Renderer(OakRenderBackendHandle handle)
@@ -176,3 +178,15 @@ OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void *oak_renderer_opengl_context(
 {
 	return Renderer(handle)->context();
 }
+
+OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_attach_output_texture(
+	OakRenderBackendHandle handle, const void *texture_id)
+{
+	Renderer(handle)->AttachTextureAsDestination(VariantRef(texture_id));
+}
+
+OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_detach_output_texture(
+	OakRenderBackendHandle handle)
+{
+	Renderer(handle)->DetachTextureAsDestination();
+}

app/render/opengl/openglrenderer.cpp

@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@
 #include <QOpenGLExtraFunctions>
 #include <QRegularExpression>
 
+#include "common/filefunctions.h"
 #include "config/config.h"
+#include "render/job/shaderjob.h"
 
 namespace olive
 {
@@ -406,6 +408,18 @@ void OpenGLRenderer::Flush()
 	}
 }
 
+void OpenGLRenderer::AttachOutputTexture(olive::Texture *texture)
+{
+	if (texture) {
+		AttachTextureAsDestination(texture->id());
+	}
+}
+
+void OpenGLRenderer::DetachOutputTexture()
+{
+	DetachTextureAsDestination();
+}
+
 Color OpenGLRenderer::GetPixelFromTexture(Texture *texture, const QPointF &pt)
 {
 	AttachTextureAsDestination(texture->id());

app/render/opengl/openglrenderer.h

@@ -82,6 +82,15 @@ public:
 		return context();
 	}
 
+	virtual bool IsOpenGL() const override
+	{
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	virtual void AttachOutputTexture(olive::Texture *texture) override;
+
+	virtual void DetachOutputTexture() override;
+
 	bool EnsureContextCurrent(const char *caller);
 
 protected:

app/render/plugin/pluginrenderer.cpp

@@ -1432,9 +1432,10 @@ void olive::plugin::PluginRenderer::RenderPlugin(TexturePtr src, olive::plugin::
 	auto *olive_instance =
 		dynamic_cast<olive::plugin::OlivePluginInstance *>(instance);
 	const bool use_opengl =
-		supports_opengl && destination && destination->renderer() &&
+		supports_opengl && renderer_ && renderer_->IsOpenGL() && destination &&
-		destination->id().isValid();
+		destination->renderer() == renderer_ && destination->id().isValid();
 	if (olive_instance) {
+		olive_instance->setOpenGLEnabled(use_opengl);
 		olive_instance->setVideoParam(destination_params);
 		// Ensure all clip instances inherit the project's params so that
 		// getAspectRatio/getFrameRate etc. return valid values before
@@ -1798,7 +1799,7 @@ void olive::plugin::PluginRenderer::RenderPlugin(TexturePtr src, olive::plugin::
 							  renderScale, true, interactive);
 			return;
 		}
-		AVFramePtr converted = ConvertFrameIfNeeded(frame_ptr, destination_params, this);
+		AVFramePtr converted = ConvertFrameIfNeeded(frame_ptr, destination_params, renderer_);
 		const AVPixelFormat expected_fmt =
 			GetDestinationAVPixelFormat(destination_params);
 		destination->handleFrame(converted);
@@ -1837,15 +1838,16 @@ void olive::plugin::PluginRenderer::RenderPlugin(TexturePtr src, olive::plugin::
 // Purpose: Attach output texture for OFX GL rendering.
 void olive::plugin::PluginRenderer::AttachOutputTexture(olive::TexturePtr texture)
 {
-	if (!texture) {
+	if (renderer_) {
-		return;
+		renderer_->AttachOutputTexture(texture.get());
 	}
-	AttachTextureAsDestination(texture->id());
 }
 
 // 作用：解除 OFX 的 GL 输出绑定。
 // Purpose: Detach OFX GL output binding.
 void olive::plugin::PluginRenderer::DetachOutputTexture()
 {
-	DetachTextureAsDestination();
+	if (renderer_) {
+		renderer_->DetachOutputTexture();
+	}
 }

app/render/plugin/pluginrenderer.h

@@ -23,17 +23,12 @@
 
 #ifndef PLUGINRENDERER_H
 #define PLUGINRENDERER_H
-#include <QOpenGLExtraFunctions>
+
-#include <QOpenGLBuffer>
+#include <QObject>
-#include <QOpenGLFunctions>
-#include <QOpenGLShader>
-#include <QOpenGLVertexArrayObject>
-#include <QThread>
-#include <QOffscreenSurface>
 
 #include "render/renderer.h"
 #include "render/job/pluginjob.h"
-#include "render/opengl/openglrenderer.h"
+
 namespace olive
 {
 namespace plugin{
@@ -44,11 +39,22 @@ int BytesToPixels(int byte_linesize, const olive::VideoParams &params);
 }
 // 作用：OFX 插件渲染器，负责 CPU/GL 路径下的插件调用和纹理桥接。
 // Purpose: OFX plugin renderer that drives CPU/GL render paths and texture bridging.
-class PluginRenderer : public olive::OpenGLRenderer{
+//
+// 不再继承 OpenGLRenderer，而是持有一个通用的 Renderer 指针。这样当主渲染器
+// 是 Vulkan 或动态加载的后端时，插件仍可通过 CPU readback/upload 路径工作；
+// 仅当底层渲染器真正支持 OpenGL 时才走 OFX OpenGL 渲染路径。
+class PluginRenderer : public QObject {
 	Q_OBJECT
 public:
-	PluginRenderer(QObject *parent=nullptr):OpenGLRenderer(parent){};
+	explicit PluginRenderer(olive::Renderer *renderer, QObject *parent = nullptr)
-	virtual ~PluginRenderer() override{};
+		: QObject(parent), renderer_(renderer) {}
+	virtual ~PluginRenderer() override {}
+
+	olive::Renderer *renderer() const
+	{
+		return renderer_;
+	}
+
 	// 作用：将目标纹理绑定为插件输出。
 	// Purpose: Attach destination texture as OFX output.
 	void AttachOutputTexture(olive::TexturePtr texture);
@@ -62,6 +68,8 @@ public:
 					  olive::VideoParams destination_params,
 					  bool clear_destination, bool interactive);
 
+private:
+	olive::Renderer *renderer_;
 };
 }
 }

app/render/renderer.cpp

@@ -116,34 +116,6 @@ void Renderer::DestroyTexture(Texture *texture)
 	}
 }
 
-TexturePtr Renderer::InterlaceTexture(TexturePtr top, TexturePtr bottom,
-									  const VideoParams &params)
-{
-	color_cache_mutex_.lock();
-	if (interlace_texture_.isNull()) {
-		interlace_texture_ =
-			CreateNativeShader(ShaderCode(FileFunctions::ReadFileAsString(
-				QStringLiteral(":/shaders/interlace.frag"))));
-	}
-	color_cache_mutex_.unlock();
-
-	ShaderJob job;
-	job.Insert(QStringLiteral("top_tex_in"),
-			   NodeValue(NodeValue::kTexture, QVariant::fromValue(top)));
-	job.Insert(QStringLiteral("bottom_tex_in"),
-			   NodeValue(NodeValue::kTexture, QVariant::fromValue(bottom)));
-	job.Insert(QStringLiteral("resolution_in"),
-			   NodeValue(NodeValue::kVec2,
-						 QVector2D(params.effective_width(),
-								   params.effective_height())));
-
-	TexturePtr output = CreateTexture(params);
-
-	BlitToTexture(interlace_texture_, job, output.get());
-
-	return output;
-}
-
 QVariant Renderer::GetDefaultShader()
 {
 	QMutexLocker locker(&color_cache_mutex_);
@@ -191,142 +163,6 @@ TexturePtr Renderer::CreateTextureFromNativeHandle(const QVariant &v,
 	return std::make_shared<Texture>(this, v, params, lifetime_);
 }
 
-bool Renderer::GetColorContext(const ColorTransformJob &color_job,
-							   Renderer::ColorContext *ctx)
-{
-	QMutexLocker locker(&color_cache_mutex_);
-
-	ColorContext &color_ctx = *ctx;
-
-	QString proc_id = color_job.id();
-
-	if (color_cache_.contains(proc_id)) {
-		color_ctx = color_cache_.value(proc_id);
-		return true;
-	} else {
-		// Create shader description
-		QString ocio_func_name;
-		if (color_job.GetFunctionName().isEmpty()) {
-			ocio_func_name = "OCIODisplay";
-		} else {
-			ocio_func_name = color_job.GetFunctionName();
-		}
-		auto shader_desc = OCIO::GpuShaderDesc::CreateShaderDesc();
-		shader_desc->setLanguage(OCIO::GPU_LANGUAGE_GLSL_ES_3_0);
-		shader_desc->setFunctionName(ocio_func_name.toUtf8());
-		shader_desc->setResourcePrefix("ocio_");
-
-		// Generate shader
-		color_job.GetColorProcessor()
-			->GetProcessor()
-			->getDefaultGPUProcessor()
-			->extractGpuShaderInfo(shader_desc);
-
-		ShaderCode code;
-		if (const Node *shader_src = color_job.CustomShaderSource()) {
-			// Use shader code from associated node
-			code = shader_src->GetShaderCode(
-				{ color_job.CustomShaderID(), shader_desc->getShaderText() });
-		} else {
-			// Generate shader code using OCIO stub and our auto-generated name
-			code = FileFunctions::ReadFileAsString(
-				QStringLiteral(":shaders/colormanage.frag"));
-			code.set_frag_code(
-				code.frag_code().arg(shader_desc->getShaderText()));
-		}
-
-		// Try to compile shader
-		color_ctx.compiled_shader = CreateNativeShader(code);
-
-		if (color_ctx.compiled_shader.isNull()) {
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		color_ctx.lut3d_textures.resize(shader_desc->getNum3DTextures());
-		for (unsigned int i = 0; i < shader_desc->getNum3DTextures(); i++) {
-			const char *tex_name = nullptr;
-			const char *sampler_name = nullptr;
-			unsigned int edge_len = 0;
-			OCIO::Interpolation interpolation = OCIO::INTERP_LINEAR;
-
-			shader_desc->get3DTexture(i, tex_name, sampler_name, edge_len,
-									  interpolation);
-
-			if (!tex_name || !*tex_name || !sampler_name || !*sampler_name ||
-				!edge_len) {
-				qCritical() << "3D LUT texture data is corrupted";
-				return false;
-			}
-
-			const float *values = nullptr;
-			shader_desc->get3DTextureValues(i, values);
-			if (!values) {
-				qCritical() << "3D LUT texture values are missing";
-				return false;
-			}
-
-			// Allocate 3D LUT
-			color_ctx.lut3d_textures[i].texture = CreateTexture(
-				VideoParams(edge_len, edge_len, edge_len, PixelFormat::F32,
-							VideoParams::kRGBChannelCount),
-				values);
-			color_ctx.lut3d_textures[i].name = sampler_name;
-			color_ctx.lut3d_textures[i].interpolation =
-				(interpolation == OCIO::INTERP_NEAREST) ? Texture::kNearest :
-														  Texture::kLinear;
-		}
-
-		color_ctx.lut1d_textures.resize(shader_desc->getNumTextures());
-		for (unsigned int i = 0; i < shader_desc->getNumTextures(); i++) {
-			const char *tex_name = nullptr;
-			const char *sampler_name = nullptr;
-			unsigned int width = 0, height = 0;
-			OCIO::GpuShaderDesc::TextureType channel =
-				OCIO::GpuShaderDesc::TEXTURE_RGB_CHANNEL;
-			OCIO::Interpolation interpolation = OCIO::INTERP_LINEAR;
-#if OCIO_VERSION_MAJOR > 2 || (OCIO_VERSION_MAJOR == 2 && OCIO_VERSION_MINOR >= 3)
-			OCIO::GpuShaderDesc::TextureDimensions dimensions =
-				OCIO::GpuShaderDesc::TEXTURE_2D;
-			shader_desc->getTexture(i, tex_name, sampler_name, width, height,
-									channel, dimensions, interpolation);
-#else
-			shader_desc->getTexture(i, tex_name, sampler_name, width, height,
-									channel, interpolation);
-#endif
-
-			if (!tex_name || !*tex_name || !sampler_name || !*sampler_name ||
-				!width) {
-				qCritical() << "1D LUT texture data is corrupted";
-				return false;
-			}
-
-			const float *values = nullptr;
-			shader_desc->getTextureValues(i, values);
-			if (!values) {
-				qCritical() << "1D LUT texture values are missing";
-				return false;
-			}
-
-			// Allocate 1D LUT
-			color_ctx.lut1d_textures[i].texture = CreateTexture(
-				VideoParams(width, height, PixelFormat::F32,
-							(channel ==
-							 OCIO::GpuShaderDesc::TEXTURE_RED_CHANNEL) ?
-								1 :
-								VideoParams::kRGBChannelCount),
-				values);
-			color_ctx.lut1d_textures[i].name = sampler_name;
-			color_ctx.lut1d_textures[i].interpolation =
-				(interpolation == OCIO::INTERP_NEAREST) ? Texture::kNearest :
-														  Texture::kLinear;
-		}
-
-		color_cache_.insert(proc_id, color_ctx);
-
-		return true;
-	}
-}
-
 void Renderer::ClearOldTextures()
 {
 	QMutexLocker locker(&texture_cache_lock_);
@@ -342,60 +178,4 @@ void Renderer::ClearOldTextures()
 	}
 }
 
-void Renderer::BlitColorManaged(const ColorTransformJob &color_job,
+} // namespace olive
-								Texture *destination, const VideoParams &params)
-{
-	ColorContext color_ctx;
-	if (!GetColorContext(color_job, &color_ctx)) {
-		ShaderJob fallback_job;
-		fallback_job.Insert(QStringLiteral("ove_maintex"),
-							color_job.GetInputTexture());
-		fallback_job.Insert(
-			QStringLiteral("ove_mvpmat"),
-			NodeValue(NodeValue::kMatrix, color_job.GetTransformMatrix()));
-
-		if (destination) {
-			BlitToTexture(GetDefaultShader(), fallback_job, destination,
-						  color_job.IsClearDestinationEnabled());
-		} else {
-			Blit(GetDefaultShader(), fallback_job, params,
-				 color_job.IsClearDestinationEnabled());
-		}
-		return;
-	}
-
-	ShaderJob job;
-	job.Insert(QStringLiteral("ove_maintex"), color_job.GetInputTexture());
-	job.Insert(QStringLiteral("ove_mvpmat"),
-			   NodeValue(NodeValue::kMatrix, color_job.GetTransformMatrix()));
-	job.Insert(QStringLiteral("ove_cropmatrix"),
-			   NodeValue(NodeValue::kMatrix,
-						 color_job.GetCropMatrix().inverted()));
-	job.Insert(QStringLiteral("ove_maintex_alpha"),
-			   NodeValue(NodeValue::kInt,
-						 int(color_job.GetInputAlphaAssociation())));
-	job.Insert(QStringLiteral("ove_force_opaque"),
-			   NodeValue(NodeValue::kBoolean, color_job.GetForceOpaque()));
-	job.Insert(color_job.GetValues());
-
-	foreach (const ColorContext::LUT &l, color_ctx.lut3d_textures) {
-		job.Insert(l.name, NodeValue(NodeValue::kTexture,
-									 QVariant::fromValue(l.texture)));
-		job.SetInterpolation(l.name, l.interpolation);
-	}
-	foreach (const ColorContext::LUT &l, color_ctx.lut1d_textures) {
-		job.Insert(l.name, NodeValue(NodeValue::kTexture,
-									 QVariant::fromValue(l.texture)));
-		job.SetInterpolation(l.name, l.interpolation);
-	}
-
-	if (destination) {
-		BlitToTexture(color_ctx.compiled_shader, job, destination,
-					  color_job.IsClearDestinationEnabled());
-	} else {
-		Blit(color_ctx.compiled_shader, job, params,
-			 color_job.IsClearDestinationEnabled());
-	}
-}
-
-}

app/render/renderer.h

@@ -29,12 +29,15 @@
 #include <memory>
 
 #include "common/define.h"
-#include "node/node.h"
+#include "render/shadercode.h"
-#include "render/colorprocessor.h"
-#include "render/job/colortransformjob.h"
 #include "render/videoparams.h"
 #include "texture.h"
-#include "job/pluginjob.h"
+
+// Forward declarations to keep the render core header lightweight
+namespace olive {
+class ColorTransformJob;
+class Node;
+}
 
 namespace olive
 {
@@ -117,6 +120,30 @@ public:
 		return lifetime_;
 	}
 
+	virtual bool IsOpenGL() const
+	{
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @brief Attach a texture as the current output destination for OFX plugin
+	 *        OpenGL rendering.
+	 *
+	 * Default implementation is a no-op. OpenGL-based renderers override this
+	 * to bind the texture as a framebuffer render target.
+	 */
+	virtual void AttachOutputTexture(olive::Texture *texture)
+	{
+		(void)texture;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @brief Detach the current OFX plugin OpenGL output texture.
+	 *
+	 * Default implementation is a no-op.
+	 */
+	virtual void DetachOutputTexture() {}
+
 protected:
 	virtual void Blit(QVariant shader, olive::AcceleratedJob& job,
 					  olive::Texture *destination,

app/render/rendermanager.cpp

@@ -78,21 +78,31 @@ QString RenderManager::BackendToString(Backend backend)
 }
 
 RenderManager::RenderManager(QObject *parent)
-	: backend_(kOpenGL)
+	: backend_(BackendFromString(
-	, requested_backend_(BackendFromString(
 		  OLIVE_CONFIG("GraphicsBackend").toString()))
+	, requested_backend_(backend_)
 	, aggressive_gc_(0)
 	, worker_pool_(nullptr)
 {
-	if (requested_backend_ == kVulkan) {
+	if (backend_ == kVulkan) {
-		qWarning()
+#ifndef OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND
-			<< "Vulkan graphics backend was requested, but the current render "
+		qWarning() << "Vulkan backend requested but dynamic render backend is not enabled. Falling back to OpenGL.";
-			   "pipeline still uses OpenGL. Falling back to OpenGL renderer.";
+		backend_ = kOpenGL;
+#endif
 	}
 
-	if (backend_ == kOpenGL) {
+	if (backend_ == kOpenGL || backend_ == kVulkan) {
 #ifdef OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND
-		context_ = new DynamicRenderer(BackendToString(requested_backend_));
+		auto *dynamic_renderer = new DynamicRenderer(BackendToString(requested_backend_));
+		if (!dynamic_renderer->Load()) {
+			qWarning() << "Failed to load dynamic render backend" << BackendToString(requested_backend_)
+					   << ", falling back to OpenGL";
+			delete dynamic_renderer;
+			backend_ = kOpenGL;
+			context_ = new OpenGLRenderer();
+		} else {
+			context_ = dynamic_renderer;
+		}
 #else
 		context_ = new OpenGLRenderer();
 #endif

app/render/renderprocessor.cpp

@@ -33,8 +33,6 @@
 #include "node/block/transition/transition.h"
 #include "node/project.h"
 #include "rendermanager.h"
-#include "render/opengl/openglcontextprovider.h"
-#include "render/opengl/openglrenderer.h"
 #include "render/plugin/pluginrenderer.h"
 #include "pluginSupport/OliveClip.h"
 #include "pluginSupport/OliveHost.h"
@@ -711,26 +709,8 @@ TexturePtr RenderProcessor::ProcessPluginJob(TexturePtr texture,
 		return destination;
 	}
 
-	plugin::PluginRenderer *plugin_renderer = nullptr;
+	plugin::PluginRenderer plugin_renderer(render_ctx_);
-	{
+	if (!plugin_renderer.renderer()) {
-		static QThreadStorage<std::shared_ptr<plugin::PluginRenderer>>
-			cached_plugin_renderers;
-		if (!cached_plugin_renderers.hasLocalData()) {
-			auto *gl = dynamic_cast<OpenGLContextProvider *>(render_ctx_);
-			if (gl && gl->OpenGLContext()) {
-				auto cached_plugin_renderer =
-					std::make_shared<plugin::PluginRenderer>();
-				cached_plugin_renderer->Init(gl->OpenGLContext());
-				cached_plugin_renderer->PostInit();
-				cached_plugin_renderers.setLocalData(cached_plugin_renderer);
-			}
-		}
-		if (cached_plugin_renderers.hasLocalData()) {
-			plugin_renderer = cached_plugin_renderers.localData().get();
-		}
-	}
-
-	if (!plugin_renderer) {
 		return destination;
 	}
 
@@ -782,7 +762,7 @@ TexturePtr RenderProcessor::ProcessPluginJob(TexturePtr texture,
 		}
 	}
 
-	plugin_renderer->RenderPlugin(
+	plugin_renderer.RenderPlugin(
 		src,
 		*plugin_job,
 		destination,

app/render/texture.cpp

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 #include "texture.h"
 
+#include "render/job/acceleratedjob.h"
 #include "renderer.h"
 
 namespace olive

app/render/texture.h

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #ifndef RENDERTEXTURE_H
 #define RENDERTEXTURE_H
 
-#include "common/ffmpegutils.h"
+#include "common/avframeptr.h"
 
 #include <atomic>
 #include <memory>

app/render/videoparams.cpp

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ extern "C" {
 #include <QtMath>
 
 #include "core.h"
+#include "ofxImageEffect.h"
 
 namespace olive
 {
@@ -120,6 +121,17 @@ VideoParams::VideoParams(int width, int height, int depth, PixelFormat format,
 	set_defaults_for_footage();
 }
 
+void VideoParams::set_channel_count(const std::string &ofxComponent)
+{
+	if (ofxComponent == kOfxImageComponentAlpha) {
+		channel_count_ = 1;
+	} else if (ofxComponent == kOfxImageComponentRGB) {
+		channel_count_ = kRGBChannelCount;
+	} else if (ofxComponent == kOfxImageComponentRGBA) {
+		channel_count_ = kRGBAChannelCount;
+	}
+}
+
 VideoParams::VideoParams(int width, int height, const rational &time_base,
 						 PixelFormat format, int nb_channels,
 						 const rational &pixel_aspect_ratio,

app/render/videoparams.h

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #ifndef VIDEOPARAMS_H
 #define VIDEOPARAMS_H
 
-#include "ofxImageEffect.h"
 #include <olive/core/core.h>
 #include <QVector2D>
 #include <QXmlStreamReader>
@@ -178,18 +177,7 @@ public:
 	{
 		channel_count_ = c;
 	}
-	void set_channel_count(std::string ofxComponent)
+	void set_channel_count(const std::string &ofxComponent);
-	{
-		if (ofxComponent == kOfxImageComponentAlpha){
-			channel_count_ = 1;
-		}
-		else if (ofxComponent == kOfxImageComponentRGB){
-			channel_count_ = kRGBChannelCount;
-		}
-		else if(ofxComponent == kOfxImageComponentRGBA){
-			channel_count_ = kRGBAChannelCount;
-		}
-	}
 	const rational &pixel_aspect_ratio() const
 	{
 		return pixel_aspect_ratio_;

app/render/vulkan/vulkanbackend_c.cpp

@@ -1,41 +1,47 @@
 #include "render/backend/renderbackend_c.h"
 
 #include <QDebug>
+#include <QOpenGLContext>
+#include <QPointF>
 #include <QVariant>
 
+#include "render/job/acceleratedjob.h"
+#include "render/shadercode.h"
+#include "render/texture.h"
+#include "render/videoparams.h"
+#include "render/vulkan/vulkanrenderer.h"
+
 namespace {
 
-struct VulkanBackend {
+class BackendVulkanRenderer : public olive::VulkanRenderer {
-	bool warned = false;
+public:
+	using olive::VulkanRenderer::VulkanRenderer;
+	using olive::VulkanRenderer::Blit;
+	using olive::VulkanRenderer::CreateNativeTexture;
+	using olive::VulkanRenderer::DestroyInternal;
+	using olive::VulkanRenderer::DestroyNativeTexture;
 };
 
-VulkanBackend *Backend(OakRenderBackendHandle handle)
+BackendVulkanRenderer *Renderer(OakRenderBackendHandle handle)
 {
-	return static_cast<VulkanBackend *>(handle);
+	return static_cast<BackendVulkanRenderer *>(handle);
 }
 
-void WarnUnavailable(OakRenderBackendHandle handle, const char *function)
+const QVariant &VariantRef(const void *variant)
 {
-	auto *backend = Backend(handle);
+	return *static_cast<const QVariant *>(variant);
-	if (!backend || backend->warned) {
-		return;
-	}
-	backend->warned = true;
-	qWarning() << "Vulkan render backend is a C ABI placeholder; function"
-			   << function << "is not implemented yet";
 }
 
 } // namespace
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT OakRenderBackendHandle oak_renderer_create(void *parent)
 {
-	Q_UNUSED(parent)
+	return new BackendVulkanRenderer(static_cast<QObject *>(parent));
-	return new VulkanBackend();
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_destroy(OakRenderBackendHandle handle)
 {
-	delete Backend(handle);
+	delete Renderer(handle);
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT bool oak_renderer_get_info(
@@ -46,146 +52,134 @@ OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT bool oak_renderer_get_info(
 	}
 	out_info->abi_version = 1;
 	out_info->kind = OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_VULKAN;
-	out_info->capabilities = 0;
+	out_info->capabilities = OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_CAP_TEXTURES |
+		OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_CAP_SHADERS | OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_CAP_BLIT |
+		OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_CAP_READBACK;
 	out_info->name = "vulkan";
-	out_info->status = "placeholder-unavailable";
+	out_info->status = Renderer(handle)->IsAvailable() ? "available" : "unavailable";
 	return true;
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT bool oak_renderer_is_available(
 	OakRenderBackendHandle handle)
 {
-	Q_UNUSED(handle)
+	auto *r = Renderer(handle);
-	return false;
+	if (!r || r->IsAvailable()) {
+		return r && r->IsAvailable();
+	}
+	// Try to initialize if not already available
+	if (r->Init()) {
+		r->PostInit();
+	}
+	return r->IsAvailable();
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT bool oak_renderer_init(OakRenderBackendHandle handle)
 {
-	WarnUnavailable(handle, "init");
+	return Renderer(handle)->Init();
-	return false;
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_init_with_context(
 	OakRenderBackendHandle handle, void *context)
 {
 	Q_UNUSED(context)
-	WarnUnavailable(handle, "init_with_context");
+	Renderer(handle)->Init();
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_post_init(
 	OakRenderBackendHandle handle)
 {
-	Q_UNUSED(handle)
+	Renderer(handle)->PostInit();
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_post_destroy(
 	OakRenderBackendHandle handle)
 {
-	Q_UNUSED(handle)
+	Renderer(handle)->PostDestroy();
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_destroy_internal(
 	OakRenderBackendHandle handle)
 {
-	Q_UNUSED(handle)
+	Renderer(handle)->DestroyInternal();
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_clear_destination(
 	OakRenderBackendHandle handle, void *texture, double r, double g, double b,
 	double a)
 {
-	Q_UNUSED(texture)
+	Renderer(handle)->ClearDestination(static_cast<olive::Texture *>(texture),
-	Q_UNUSED(r)
+								   r, g, b, a);
-	Q_UNUSED(g)
-	Q_UNUSED(b)
-	Q_UNUSED(a)
-	WarnUnavailable(handle, "clear_destination");
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_create_native_texture(
 	OakRenderBackendHandle handle, int width, int height, int depth, int format,
 	int channel_count, const void *data, int linesize, void *out_variant)
 {
-	Q_UNUSED(width)
+	*static_cast<QVariant *>(out_variant) = Renderer(handle)->CreateNativeTexture(
-	Q_UNUSED(height)
+		width, height, depth, static_cast<olive::PixelFormat::Format>(format),
-	Q_UNUSED(depth)
+		channel_count, data, linesize);
-	Q_UNUSED(format)
-	Q_UNUSED(channel_count)
-	Q_UNUSED(data)
-	Q_UNUSED(linesize)
-	static_cast<QVariant *>(out_variant)->clear();
-	WarnUnavailable(handle, "create_native_texture");
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_destroy_native_texture(
 	OakRenderBackendHandle handle, const void *variant)
 {
-	Q_UNUSED(variant)
+	Renderer(handle)->DestroyNativeTexture(VariantRef(variant));
-	WarnUnavailable(handle, "destroy_native_texture");
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_create_native_shader(
 	OakRenderBackendHandle handle, const void *shader_code, void *out_variant)
 {
-	Q_UNUSED(shader_code)
+	*static_cast<QVariant *>(out_variant) = Renderer(handle)->CreateNativeShader(
-	static_cast<QVariant *>(out_variant)->clear();
+		*static_cast<const olive::ShaderCode *>(shader_code));
-	WarnUnavailable(handle, "create_native_shader");
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_destroy_native_shader(
 	OakRenderBackendHandle handle, const void *variant)
 {
-	Q_UNUSED(variant)
+	Renderer(handle)->DestroyNativeShader(VariantRef(variant));
-	WarnUnavailable(handle, "destroy_native_shader");
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_upload_to_texture(
 	OakRenderBackendHandle handle, const void *variant, const void *video_params,
 	const void *data, int linesize)
 {
-	Q_UNUSED(variant)
+	Renderer(handle)->UploadToTexture(
-	Q_UNUSED(video_params)
+		VariantRef(variant), *static_cast<const olive::VideoParams *>(video_params),
-	Q_UNUSED(data)
+		data, linesize);
-	Q_UNUSED(linesize)
-	WarnUnavailable(handle, "upload_to_texture");
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_download_from_texture(
 	OakRenderBackendHandle handle, const void *variant, const void *video_params,
 	void *data, int linesize)
 {
-	Q_UNUSED(variant)
+	Renderer(handle)->DownloadFromTexture(
-	Q_UNUSED(video_params)
+		VariantRef(variant), *static_cast<const olive::VideoParams *>(video_params),
-	Q_UNUSED(data)
+		data, linesize);
-	Q_UNUSED(linesize)
-	WarnUnavailable(handle, "download_from_texture");
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_flush(OakRenderBackendHandle handle)
 {
-	Q_UNUSED(handle)
+	Renderer(handle)->Flush();
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_get_pixel_from_texture(
 	OakRenderBackendHandle handle, void *texture, const void *point,
 	void *out_color)
 {
-	Q_UNUSED(texture)
+	*static_cast<olive::Color *>(out_color) = Renderer(handle)->GetPixelFromTexture(
-	Q_UNUSED(point)
+		static_cast<olive::Texture *>(texture), *static_cast<const QPointF *>(point));
-	Q_UNUSED(out_color)
-	WarnUnavailable(handle, "get_pixel_from_texture");
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_blit(
 	OakRenderBackendHandle handle, const void *shader, void *job,
 	void *destination, const void *destination_params, bool clear_destination)
 {
-	Q_UNUSED(shader)
+	Renderer(handle)->Blit(
-	Q_UNUSED(job)
+		VariantRef(shader), *static_cast<olive::AcceleratedJob *>(job),
-	Q_UNUSED(destination)
+		static_cast<olive::Texture *>(destination),
-	Q_UNUSED(destination_params)
+		*static_cast<const olive::VideoParams *>(destination_params),
-	Q_UNUSED(clear_destination)
+		clear_destination);
-	WarnUnavailable(handle, "blit");
 }
 
 OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void *oak_renderer_opengl_context(
@@ -194,3 +188,18 @@ OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void *oak_renderer_opengl_context(
 	Q_UNUSED(handle)
 	return nullptr;
 }
+
+OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_attach_output_texture(
+	OakRenderBackendHandle handle, const void *texture_id)
+{
+	Q_UNUSED(handle)
+	Q_UNUSED(texture_id)
+	// Vulkan does not support OFX OpenGL render output attachment.
+}
+
+OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_EXPORT void oak_renderer_detach_output_texture(
+	OakRenderBackendHandle handle)
+{
+	Q_UNUSED(handle)
+	// Vulkan does not support OFX OpenGL render output attachment.
+}

app/render/vulkan/vulkanrenderer.h

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+/***************************************************************************
+
+  Oak Video Editor
+  Copyright (C) 2025 mikesolar
+
+  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+  GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+***************************************************************************/
+
+#ifndef VULKANRENDERER_H
+#define VULKANRENDERER_H
+
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+
+#include <QMutex>
+#include <QObject>
+#include <QVariant>
+
+#include "render/renderer.h"
+
+namespace olive
+{
+
+class VulkanRenderer : public Renderer {
+	Q_OBJECT
+public:
+	explicit VulkanRenderer(QObject *parent = nullptr);
+	virtual ~VulkanRenderer() override;
+
+	virtual bool Init() override;
+	virtual void PostInit() override;
+	virtual void PostDestroy() override;
+
+	virtual void ClearDestination(olive::Texture *texture = nullptr,
+							  double r = 0.0, double g = 0.0,
+							  double b = 0.0, double a = 0.0) override;
+
+	virtual QVariant CreateNativeShader(olive::ShaderCode code) override;
+	virtual void DestroyNativeShader(QVariant shader) override;
+
+	virtual void UploadToTexture(const QVariant &handle,
+							 const VideoParams &params, const void *data,
+							 int linesize) override;
+	virtual void DownloadFromTexture(const QVariant &handle,
+								 const VideoParams &params, void *data,
+								 int linesize) override;
+
+	virtual void Flush() override;
+
+	virtual Color GetPixelFromTexture(olive::Texture *texture,
+								  const QPointF &pt) override;
+
+	bool IsAvailable() const
+	{
+		return device_ != VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+protected:
+	virtual void Blit(QVariant shader, olive::AcceleratedJob &job,
+				  olive::Texture *destination, VideoParams destination_params,
+				  bool clear_destination) override;
+	virtual QVariant CreateNativeTexture(int width, int height, int depth,
+								 PixelFormat format, int channel_count,
+								 const void *data = nullptr,
+								 int linesize = 0) override;
+	virtual void DestroyNativeTexture(QVariant texture) override;
+	virtual void DestroyInternal() override;
+
+private:
+	struct VulkanTexture;
+	struct VulkanShader;
+	struct UniformInfo;
+
+	bool CreateInstance();
+	bool CreateDevice();
+	bool CreateCommandPool();
+	bool CreateDescriptorPool();
+	bool CreateVertexBuffer();
+	bool CreateLinearSampler();
+	bool CreateStagingBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBuffer *out_buffer,
+							 VkDeviceMemory *out_memory);
+	void DestroyStagingBuffer(VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceMemory memory);
+
+	VkCommandBuffer BeginOneTimeCommands();
+	void EndOneTimeCommands(VkCommandBuffer cmd);
+
+	void TransitionImageLayout(VkCommandBuffer cmd, VkImage image,
+							   VkImageLayout old_layout,
+							   VkImageLayout new_layout);
+	void CopyBufferToImage(VkCommandBuffer cmd, VkBuffer buffer, VkImage image,
+						   uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t depth);
+	void CopyImageToBuffer(VkCommandBuffer cmd, VkImage image, VkBuffer buffer,
+						   uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
+						   uint32_t offset_x = 0, uint32_t offset_y = 0);
+
+	VkFormat PixelFormatToVkFormat(PixelFormat format, int channel_count) const;
+	VkDeviceSize AlignSize(VkDeviceSize size, VkDeviceSize alignment) const;
+
+	uint32_t FindMemoryType(uint32_t type_filter,
+							VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) const;
+
+	bool CompileGlslToSpv(const QString &glsl, VkShaderStageFlagBits stage,
+						  QByteArray *out_spv);
+	QString ConvertGlslToVulkan(const QString &glsl, VkShaderStageFlagBits stage);
+	QString ConvertGlslUniformsToUbo(const QString &glsl,
+									 QVector<UniformInfo> *out_uniforms);
+	VkDeviceSize GetStd140Size(const QString &type) const;
+	VkDeviceSize GetStd140Alignment(const QString &type) const;
+
+	bool CreatePipelineForShader(VulkanShader *shader,
+								 const VideoParams &dest_params,
+								 VkFormat render_pass_format);
+
+	VkRenderPass GetOrCreateRenderPass(VkFormat format);
+
+	VkInstance instance_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	VkPhysicalDevice physical_device_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	VkDevice device_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	VkQueue graphics_queue_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	uint32_t graphics_queue_family_ = UINT32_MAX;
+	VkCommandPool command_pool_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	VkDescriptorPool descriptor_pool_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	VkSampler linear_sampler_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+	QHash<VkFormat, VkRenderPass> render_pass_cache_;
+
+	VkBuffer vertex_buffer_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	VkDeviceMemory vertex_buffer_memory_ = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+	VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties mem_properties_;
+	VkPhysicalDeviceProperties device_properties_;
+
+	QMutex mutex_;
+
+	// Texture handle counter
+	quint64 next_texture_id_ = 1;
+	QHash<quint64, VulkanTexture *> textures_;
+
+	// Shader handle counter
+	quint64 next_shader_id_ = 1;
+	QHash<quint64, VulkanShader *> shaders_;
+
+	static const int kMaxDescriptorSets = 1024;
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif // VULKANRENDERER_H

app/render/worker/workermain.cpp

@@ -39,6 +39,9 @@
 #include "render/ipc/frameslotpool.h"
 #include "render/ipc/ipcmessage.h"
 #include "render/ipc/sharedmemoryregion.h"
+#ifdef OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND
+#include "render/backend/dynamicrenderer.h"
+#endif
 #include "render/opengl/openglrenderer.h"
 #include "render/rendermanager.h"
 #include "render/renderprocessor.h"
@@ -80,7 +83,7 @@ QJsonObject ErrorMessage(const QString &message, qint64 ticket_id = 0)
 
 class RenderWorker {
 public:
-	RenderWorker(olive::OpenGLRenderer *renderer, QFile *out)
+	RenderWorker(olive::Renderer *renderer, QFile *out)
 		: renderer_(renderer)
 		, out_(out)
 	{
@@ -114,7 +117,16 @@ public:
 		hs.input_slot_data_bytes = 0;
 
 		QJsonObject handshake = hs.ToJson();
-		if (QOpenGLContext *ctx = renderer_->context()) {
+		QOpenGLContext *ctx = nullptr;
+#ifdef OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND
+		if (auto *dynamic_renderer = dynamic_cast<olive::DynamicRenderer *>(renderer_)) {
+			ctx = dynamic_renderer->OpenGLContext();
+		} else
+#endif
+		{
+			ctx = static_cast<olive::OpenGLRenderer *>(renderer_)->context();
+		}
+		if (ctx) {
 			const QSurfaceFormat fmt = ctx->format();
 			handshake["gl_major"] = fmt.majorVersion();
 			handshake["gl_minor"] = fmt.minorVersion();
@@ -427,7 +439,7 @@ private:
 		return Write(ready.ToJson());
 	}
 
-	olive::OpenGLRenderer *renderer_;
+	olive::Renderer *renderer_;
 	QFile *out_;
 	bool shutdown_requested_ = false;
 	std::unique_ptr<olive::Project> project_;
@@ -459,15 +471,42 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		return 1;
 	}
 
-	auto *renderer = new olive::OpenGLRenderer();
+	olive::Renderer *renderer;
+#ifdef OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND
+	auto *dynamic_renderer = new olive::DynamicRenderer(QStringLiteral("opengl"));
+	if (dynamic_renderer->Init()) {
+		dynamic_renderer->PostInit();
+		renderer = dynamic_renderer;
+	} else {
+		delete dynamic_renderer;
+		qWarning() << "Failed to initialize dynamic OpenGL backend, falling back to direct OpenGL renderer";
+		renderer = new olive::OpenGLRenderer();
+		if (!renderer->Init()) {
+			LogError(QStringLiteral("failed to initialize OpenGL renderer"));
+			delete renderer;
+			return 1;
+		}
+		renderer->PostInit();
+	}
+#else
+	renderer = new olive::OpenGLRenderer();
 	if (!renderer->Init()) {
 		LogError(QStringLiteral("failed to initialize OpenGL renderer"));
 		delete renderer;
 		return 1;
 	}
 	renderer->PostInit();
+#endif
 
-	QOpenGLContext *ctx = renderer->context();
+	QOpenGLContext *ctx = nullptr;
+#ifdef OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND
+	if (auto *loaded_renderer = dynamic_cast<olive::DynamicRenderer *>(renderer)) {
+		ctx = loaded_renderer->OpenGLContext();
+	} else
+#endif
+	{
+		ctx = static_cast<olive::OpenGLRenderer *>(renderer)->context();
+	}
 	if (!ctx || !ctx->isValid()) {
 		LogError(QStringLiteral("OpenGL context is not valid after init"));
 		renderer->Destroy();

app/ui/style/style.cpp

@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@
 namespace olive
 {
 
-const char *StyleManager::kDefaultStyle = "olive-dark";
 QString StyleManager::current_style_;
 QMap<QString, QString> StyleManager::available_themes_;
 

app/ui/style/style.h

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ public:
 
 	static void SetStyle(const QString &style_path);
 
-	static const char *kDefaultStyle;
+	inline static const char *kDefaultStyle = "olive-dark";
 
 	static const QMap<QString, QString> &available_themes()
 	{

app/widget/manageddisplay/manageddisplay.cpp

@@ -40,13 +40,33 @@ ManagedDisplayWidget::ManagedDisplayWidget(QWidget *parent)
 	: QWidget(parent)
 	, color_manager_(nullptr)
 	, color_service_(nullptr)
+	, is_backend_neutral_(false)
 {
 	QHBoxLayout *layout = new QHBoxLayout(this);
 	layout->setSpacing(0);
 	layout->setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 0);
 
-	if (RenderManager::instance()->backend() == RenderManager::kOpenGL) {
+	// Create renderer
-		// Create OpenGL widget
+#ifdef OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND
+	{
+		auto *dynamic_renderer = new DynamicRenderer(
+			RenderManager::BackendToString(
+				RenderManager::instance()->requested_backend()),
+			this);
+		if (!dynamic_renderer->Load()) {
+			qWarning() << "Failed to load dynamic render backend for viewer, falling back to OpenGL";
+			delete dynamic_renderer;
+			attached_renderer_ = new OpenGLRenderer(this);
+		} else {
+			attached_renderer_ = dynamic_renderer;
+		}
+	}
+#else
+	attached_renderer_ = new OpenGLRenderer(this);
+#endif
+
+	if (attached_renderer_->IsOpenGL()) {
+		// OpenGL path
 		inner_widget_ = new ManagedDisplayWidgetOpenGL();
 		inner_widget_->setAttribute(Qt::WA_TranslucentBackground, false);
 		connect(static_cast<ManagedDisplayWidgetOpenGL *>(inner_widget_),
@@ -64,16 +84,6 @@ ManagedDisplayWidget::ManagedDisplayWidget(QWidget *parent)
 
 		inner_widget_->installEventFilter(this);
 
-		// Create renderer bound to the widget's OpenGL context.
-#ifdef OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND
-		attached_renderer_ = new DynamicRenderer(
-			RenderManager::BackendToString(
-				RenderManager::instance()->requested_backend()),
-			this);
-#else
-		attached_renderer_ = new OpenGLRenderer(this);
-#endif
-
 		// Create widget wrapper for OpenGL window
 #ifdef USE_QOPENGLWINDOW
 		wrapper_ = QWidget::createWindowContainer(
@@ -83,19 +93,29 @@ ManagedDisplayWidget::ManagedDisplayWidget(QWidget *parent)
 #endif
 		layout->addWidget(wrapper_);
 	} else {
-		inner_widget_ = nullptr;
+		// Backend-neutral path (Vulkan, etc.)
-		wrapper_ = nullptr;
+		is_backend_neutral_ = true;
+		auto *bn_widget = new ManagedDisplayWidgetBackendNeutral(this);
+		inner_widget_ = bn_widget;
+		inner_widget_->setAttribute(Qt::WA_OpaquePaintEvent);
+		inner_widget_->installEventFilter(this);
+		connect(bn_widget, &ManagedDisplayWidgetBackendNeutral::OnPaint, this,
+				&ManagedDisplayWidget::OnPaint, Qt::DirectConnection);
+		wrapper_ = inner_widget_;
+		layout->addWidget(wrapper_);
 	}
 }
 
 ManagedDisplayWidget::~ManagedDisplayWidget()
 {
-	MANAGEDDISPLAYWIDGET_DEFAULT_DESTRUCTOR_INNER;
+	if (!is_backend_neutral_) {
+		MANAGEDDISPLAYWIDGET_DEFAULT_DESTRUCTOR_INNER;
 
-	if (RenderManager::instance()->backend() == RenderManager::kOpenGL) {
 		disconnect(static_cast<ManagedDisplayWidgetOpenGL *>(inner_widget_),
 				   &ManagedDisplayWidgetOpenGL::OnDestroy, this,
 				   &ManagedDisplayWidget::OnDestroy);
+	} else {
+		OnDestroy();
 	}
 }
 
@@ -251,7 +271,7 @@ void ManagedDisplayWidget::SetColorTransform(const ColorTransform &transform)
 
 void ManagedDisplayWidget::OnInit()
 {
-	if (RenderManager::instance()->backend() == RenderManager::kOpenGL) {
+	if (!is_backend_neutral_) {
 		QOpenGLContext *context =
 			static_cast<ManagedDisplayWidgetOpenGL *>(inner_widget_)->context();
 #ifdef OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND
@@ -264,6 +284,9 @@ void ManagedDisplayWidget::OnInit()
 #endif
 		static_cast<OpenGLRenderer *>(attached_renderer_)->Init(context);
 		static_cast<OpenGLRenderer *>(attached_renderer_)->PostInit();
+	} else {
+		attached_renderer_->Init();
+		attached_renderer_->PostInit();
 	}
 }
 
@@ -280,25 +303,21 @@ void ManagedDisplayWidget::ColorProcessorChangedEvent()
 
 void ManagedDisplayWidget::makeCurrent()
 {
-	if (RenderManager::instance()->backend() == RenderManager::kOpenGL) {
+	if (!is_backend_neutral_) {
 		static_cast<ManagedDisplayWidgetOpenGL *>(inner_widget_)->makeCurrent();
 	}
 }
 
 void ManagedDisplayWidget::doneCurrent()
 {
-	if (RenderManager::instance()->backend() == RenderManager::kOpenGL) {
+	if (!is_backend_neutral_) {
 		static_cast<ManagedDisplayWidgetOpenGL *>(inner_widget_)->doneCurrent();
 	}
 }
 
 QPaintDevice *ManagedDisplayWidget::paint_device() const
 {
-	if (RenderManager::instance()->backend() == RenderManager::kOpenGL) {
+	return inner_widget_;
-		return static_cast<ManagedDisplayWidgetOpenGL *>(inner_widget_);
-	} else {
-		return nullptr;
-	}
 }
 
 void ManagedDisplayWidget::SetInnerMouseTracking(bool e)
@@ -320,8 +339,8 @@ VideoParams ManagedDisplayWidget::GetViewportParams() const
 
 void ManagedDisplayWidget::update()
 {
-	if (RenderManager::instance()->backend() == RenderManager::kOpenGL) {
+	if (inner_widget_) {
-		static_cast<ManagedDisplayWidgetOpenGL *>(inner_widget_)->update();
+		inner_widget_->update();
 	}
 }
 

app/widget/manageddisplay/manageddisplay.h

@@ -101,6 +101,32 @@ private slots:
 		MANAGEDDISPLAYWIDGET_DEFAULT_DESTRUCTOR_INNER; \
 	}
 
+/**
+ * @brief Inner widget for backend-neutral rendering paths (e.g. Vulkan).
+ *
+ * It does not own a GL context; instead it forwards Qt paint events to the
+ * ManagedDisplayWidget so that the viewer can render via QPainter.
+ */
+class ManagedDisplayWidgetBackendNeutral : public QWidget {
+	Q_OBJECT
+public:
+	ManagedDisplayWidgetBackendNeutral(QWidget *parent = nullptr)
+		: QWidget(parent)
+	{
+	}
+
+signals:
+	void OnPaint();
+
+protected:
+	virtual void paintEvent(QPaintEvent *event) override
+	{
+		QWidget::paintEvent(event);
+
+		emit OnPaint();
+	}
+};
+
 class ManagedDisplayWidget : public QWidget {
 	Q_OBJECT
 public:
@@ -221,6 +247,11 @@ protected:
 
 	void SetInnerMouseTracking(bool e);
 
+	bool IsBackendNeutral() const
+	{
+		return is_backend_neutral_;
+	}
+
 	QRect GetInnerRect() const
 	{
 		return wrapper_ ? wrapper_->rect() : QRect();
@@ -285,6 +316,8 @@ private:
    */
 	ColorTransform color_transform_;
 
+	bool is_backend_neutral_ = false;
+
 private slots:
 	/**
    * @brief Sets all color settings to the defaults pertaining to this configuration

app/widget/scope/scopebase/scopebase.cpp

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "scopebase.h"
 
 #include "config/config.h"
+#include "render/job/colortransformjob.h"
 
 namespace olive
 {
@@ -68,6 +69,11 @@ void ScopeBase::OnInit()
 
 void ScopeBase::OnPaint()
 {
+	if (IsBackendNeutral()) {
+		// TODO: implement backend-neutral scope display
+		return;
+	}
+
 	// Clear display surface
 	renderer()->ClearDestination();
 

app/widget/viewer/viewerdisplay.cpp

@@ -375,19 +375,40 @@ bool ViewerDisplayWidget::eventFilter(QObject *o, QEvent *e)
 
 void ViewerDisplayWidget::OnPaint()
 {
-	// Clear background to empty
+	const bool backend_neutral = IsBackendNeutral();
- 	QColor bg_color = show_widget_background_ ? palette().window().color() :
+
-												Qt::black;
+	QPainter bg_painter;
-	renderer()->ClearDestination(nullptr, bg_color.redF(), bg_color.greenF(),
+	bool bg_painter_active = false;
-								 bg_color.blueF());
+
+	if (backend_neutral) {
+		// Backend-neutral path: draw background directly with QPainter. The
+		// image itself will be rendered offscreen, downloaded, and painted below.
+		bg_painter.begin(paint_device());
+		bg_painter_active = true;
+		bg_painter.fillRect(GetInnerRect(),
+							show_widget_background_ ? palette().window().color() :
+													  Qt::black);
+	} else {
+		// Clear background to empty
+		QColor bg_color = show_widget_background_ ? palette().window().color() :
+													Qt::black;
+		renderer()->ClearDestination(nullptr, bg_color.redF(), bg_color.greenF(),
+									 bg_color.blueF());
+	}
+
+	VideoParams device_params;
+	ColorTransformJob ctj;
+	bool have_ctj = false;
 
 	// We only draw if we have a pipeline
 	if (push_mode_ != kPushNull) {
 		// Draw texture through color transform
-		VideoParams device_params = GetViewportParams();
+		device_params = GetViewportParams();
 
 		if (push_mode_ == kPushBlank) {
-			DrawBlank(device_params);
+			if (!backend_neutral) {
+				DrawBlank(device_params);
+			}
 		} else if (color_service()) {
 			if (FramePtr frame = load_frame_.value<FramePtr>()) {
 				// This is a CPU frame, upload it now
@@ -408,27 +429,17 @@ void ViewerDisplayWidget::OnPaint()
 				// This is a GPU texture, switch to it directly when possible.
 				if (texture && texture->renderer() &&
 					texture->renderer() != renderer()) {
-					bool copied = false;
+					// Cross-renderer texture: download and re-upload
-					QOpenGLContext *ctx = QOpenGLContext::currentContext();
+					FramePtr frame = Frame::Create();
-					if (ctx) {
+					frame->set_video_params(texture->params());
-						QOpenGLFunctions *funcs = ctx->functions();
+					if (frame->allocate()) {
-						GLuint tex_id = texture->id().value<GLuint>();
+						texture->renderer()->DownloadFromTexture(
-						if (funcs && tex_id && funcs->glIsTexture(tex_id)) {
+							texture->id(), texture->params(),
-							FramePtr frame = Frame::Create();
+							frame->data(), frame->linesize_pixels());
-							frame->set_video_params(texture->params());
+						texture_ = renderer()->CreateTexture(
-							if (frame->allocate()) {
+							frame->video_params(), frame->data(),
-								renderer()->DownloadFromTexture(
+							frame->linesize_pixels());
-									texture->id(), texture->params(),
+					} else {
-									frame->data(), frame->linesize_pixels());
-								texture_ = renderer()->CreateTexture(
-									frame->video_params(), frame->data(),
-									frame->linesize_pixels());
-								copied = true;
-							}
-						}
-					}
-
-					if (!copied) {
 						texture_ = texture;
 					}
 				} else {
@@ -445,7 +456,9 @@ void ViewerDisplayWidget::OnPaint()
 			TexturePtr texture_to_draw = texture_;
 
 			if (!texture_to_draw || texture_to_draw->IsDummy()) {
-				DrawBlank(device_params);
+				if (!backend_neutral) {
+					DrawBlank(device_params);
+				}
 			} else {
 				if (deinterlace_) {
 					if (deinterlace_shader_.isNull()) {
@@ -477,7 +490,6 @@ void ViewerDisplayWidget::OnPaint()
 					texture_to_draw = deinterlace_texture_;
 				}
 
-				ColorTransformJob ctj;
 				ctj.SetColorProcessor(color_service());
 				ctj.SetInputTexture(texture_to_draw);
 				ctj.SetInputAlphaAssociation(
@@ -489,13 +501,25 @@ void ViewerDisplayWidget::OnPaint()
 				ctj.SetCropMatrix(crop_matrix_);
 				ctj.SetForceOpaque(true);
 
-				renderer()->BlitColorManaged(ctj, device_params);
+				have_ctj = true;
 			}
 		} else {
 			qDebug() << "[VIEWER] OnPaint no color_service, skipping texture draw";
 		}
 	}
 
+	if (have_ctj) {
+		if (backend_neutral) {
+			DrawBackendNeutral(ctj, &bg_painter);
+		} else {
+			renderer()->BlitColorManaged(ctj, device_params);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (bg_painter_active) {
+		bg_painter.end();
+	}
+
 	// Draw gizmos if we have any
 	if (gizmos_) {
 		QPainter p(paint_device());
@@ -633,6 +657,8 @@ void ViewerDisplayWidget::OnDestroy()
 
 	texture_ = nullptr;
 	deinterlace_texture_ = nullptr;
+	backend_neutral_texture_ = nullptr;
+	backend_neutral_buffer_.clear();
 	if (load_frame_.isNull()) {
 		push_mode_ = kPushNull;
 	} else {
@@ -1364,6 +1390,55 @@ void ViewerDisplayWidget::DrawBlank(const VideoParams &device_params)
 	renderer()->Blit(blank_shader_, job, device_params, false);
 }
 
+void ViewerDisplayWidget::DrawBackendNeutral(const ColorTransformJob &ctj,
+										 QPainter *painter)
+{
+	if (!painter || !painter->isActive()) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	const int texture_width =
+		static_cast<int>(width() * devicePixelRatioF());
+	const int texture_height =
+		static_cast<int>(height() * devicePixelRatioF());
+
+	const VideoParams offscreen_params(
+		texture_width, texture_height, PixelFormat::U8,
+		VideoParams::kRGBAChannelCount);
+
+	if (!backend_neutral_texture_ ||
+		backend_neutral_texture_->params() != offscreen_params) {
+		backend_neutral_texture_ = renderer()->CreateTexture(offscreen_params);
+		backend_neutral_buffer_.resize(
+			texture_width * texture_height *
+			VideoParams::GetBytesPerPixel(PixelFormat::U8,
+									  VideoParams::kRGBAChannelCount));
+	}
+
+	if (!backend_neutral_texture_ || backend_neutral_texture_->IsDummy()) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	ColorTransformJob local_ctj = ctj;
+	local_ctj.SetClearDestinationEnabled(true);
+
+	renderer()->BlitColorManaged(local_ctj, backend_neutral_texture_.get());
+
+	backend_neutral_texture_->Download(backend_neutral_buffer_.data(), 0);
+
+	const int bytes_per_pixel = VideoParams::GetBytesPerPixel(
+		PixelFormat::U8, VideoParams::kRGBAChannelCount);
+
+	QImage img(reinterpret_cast<const uchar *>(
+				   backend_neutral_buffer_.constData()),
+			   texture_width, texture_height,
+			   texture_width * bytes_per_pixel,
+			   QImage::Format_RGBA8888_Premultiplied);
+	img.setDevicePixelRatio(devicePixelRatioF());
+
+	painter->drawImage(QPoint(0, 0), img);
+}
+
 void ViewerDisplayWidget::SetShowFPS(bool e)
 {
 	show_fps_ = e;

app/widget/viewer/viewerdisplay.h

@@ -327,6 +327,8 @@ private:
 
 	void DrawBlank(const VideoParams &device_params);
 
+	void DrawBackendNeutral(const ColorTransformJob &ctj, QPainter *painter);
+
 	/**
    * @brief Internal reference to the OpenGL texture to draw. Set in SetTexture() and used in paintGL().
    */
@@ -337,6 +339,19 @@ private:
    */
 	TexturePtr deinterlace_texture_;
 
+	/**
+   * @brief Offscreen texture for backend-neutral viewer rendering.
+   *
+   * The texture is rendered at device resolution and read back to a QImage so
+   * it can be painted with QPainter on the plain QWidget inner surface.
+   */
+	TexturePtr backend_neutral_texture_;
+
+	/**
+   * @brief CPU readback buffer for backend_neutral_texture_.
+   */
+	QByteArray backend_neutral_buffer_;
+
 	/**
    * @brief Deinterlace shader
    */

docs/build.md

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ This document describes how to build Oak Video Editor from source on Windows, Li
 - Expat
 - PortAudio
 - OpenGL headers
+- Vulkan SDK (optional, required for the Vulkan render backend)
 - XKB common (Linux)
 
 ---
@@ -42,6 +43,8 @@ pacman -S --needed \
   mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-fmt \
   mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-expat \
   mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-portaudio \
+  mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-vulkan-headers \
+  mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-vulkan-loader \
   mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-gcc
 ```
 
@@ -83,7 +86,7 @@ sudo apt-get install -y \
   cmake ninja-build pkg-config nasm \
   qt6-base-dev qt6-base-dev-tools qt6-base-private-dev qt6-tools-dev qt6-tools-dev-tools \
   libopencolorio-dev libopenimageio-dev libopenexr-dev libexpat1-dev \
-  portaudio19-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libxkbcommon-dev
+  portaudio19-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libvulkan-dev vulkan-headers libxkbcommon-dev
 ```
 
 Build FFmpeg 8.0+ from source:
@@ -137,6 +140,8 @@ sudo dnf install -y \
   expat-devel \
   portaudio-devel \
   mesa-libGL-devel \
+  vulkan-headers \
+  vulkan-loader-devel \
   libxkbcommon-devel \
   gcc-c++ \
   bzip2-devel
@@ -171,6 +176,8 @@ sudo pacman -S --needed \
   expat \
   portaudio \
   mesa \
+  vulkan-headers \
+  vulkan-icd-loader \
   libxkbcommon \
   gcc
 ```
@@ -200,7 +207,7 @@ Install dependencies:
 
 ```bash
 brew update
-brew install cmake ninja pkg-config qt@6 ffmpeg openimageio opencolorio openexr portaudio expat
+brew install cmake ninja pkg-config qt@6 ffmpeg openimageio opencolorio openexr portaudio expat molten-vk vulkan-headers
 ```
 
 Build OpenTimelineIO (optional, required for OTIO support):
@@ -248,6 +255,7 @@ ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure -C Release
 | `BUILD_QT6` | `ON` | Build with Qt 6 instead of Qt 5 |
 | `OTIO_LOCATION` | - | Path to OpenTimelineIO installation (optional) |
 | `OCIO_LOCATION` | - | Path to OpenColorIO installation |
+| `OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND` | `ON` | Build dynamic render backend libraries (`liboakgl.so` / `liboakvulkan.so`) |
 
 ---
 

docs/zh/build.md

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 - Expat
 - PortAudio
 - OpenGL 头文件
+- Vulkan SDK（可选，Vulkan 渲染后端需要）
 - XKB common（Linux）
 
 ---
@@ -42,6 +43,8 @@ pacman -S --needed \
   mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-fmt \
   mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-expat \
   mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-portaudio \
+  mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-vulkan-headers \
+  mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-vulkan-loader \
   mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-gcc
 ```
 
@@ -83,7 +86,7 @@ sudo apt-get install -y \
   cmake ninja-build pkg-config nasm \
   qt6-base-dev qt6-base-dev-tools qt6-base-private-dev qt6-tools-dev qt6-tools-dev-tools \
   libopencolorio-dev libopenimageio-dev libopenexr-dev libexpat1-dev \
-  portaudio19-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libxkbcommon-dev
+  portaudio19-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libvulkan-dev vulkan-headers libxkbcommon-dev
 ```
 
 从源码编译 FFmpeg 8.0+：
@@ -137,6 +140,8 @@ sudo dnf install -y \
   expat-devel \
   portaudio-devel \
   mesa-libGL-devel \
+  vulkan-headers \
+  vulkan-loader-devel \
   libxkbcommon-devel \
   gcc-c++
 ```
@@ -170,6 +175,8 @@ sudo pacman -S --needed \
   expat \
   portaudio \
   mesa \
+  vulkan-headers \
+  vulkan-icd-loader \
   libxkbcommon \
   gcc
 ```
@@ -199,7 +206,7 @@ ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure -C Release
 
 ```bash
 brew update
-brew install cmake ninja pkg-config qt@6 ffmpeg openimageio opencolorio openexr portaudio expat
+brew install cmake ninja pkg-config qt@6 ffmpeg openimageio opencolorio openexr portaudio expat molten-vk vulkan-headers
 ```
 
 构建 OpenTimelineIO（可选，如需 OTIO 支持）：
@@ -247,6 +254,7 @@ ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure -C Release
 | `BUILD_QT6` | `ON` | 使用 Qt 6 而非 Qt 5 |
 | `OTIO_LOCATION` | - | OpenTimelineIO 安装路径（可选） |
 | `OCIO_LOCATION` | - | OpenColorIO 安装路径 |
+| `OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND` | `ON` | 构建动态渲染后端库（`liboakgl.so` / `liboakvulkan.so`） |
 
 ---
 

docs/zh/render-backend-dynamic-plan.md

@@ -48,58 +48,93 @@
 
 这一步是 ABI 稳定化，不是把后端内部实现改成 C。
 
-## 阶段 2.5：最小化 OpenGL 后端链接边界
+## 阶段 2.5：最小化 OpenGL/Vulkan 后端链接边界（已完成）
 
-当前工程大量代码和静态依赖被编译进 `libolive-editor` object 库。直接把整个 object 库塞进 `liboakgl.so` 会带来两个问题：
+此前 `oakgl`/`oakvulkan` 通过 `$<TARGET_OBJECTS:libolive-editor>` 把整个 editor 对象库链进动态库，导致后端库包含项目、节点、任务、cache、UI 等大量 editor 代码和全局状态。
 
-- 非 PIC 静态依赖会阻塞共享库链接，例如 `KDDockWidgets`。
+本次已完成链接边界收敛：
-- 主程序和后端库会复制全局状态，增加配置、cache、单例和 Qt meta-object 的一致性风险。
 
-当前实验构建已经可以通过 `OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND=ON` 生成 `liboakgl.so`，做法是把相关 object/static 依赖切到 PIC 后链接进 OpenGL 后端库。这满足“动态库一侧 C++ 实现 + C ABI 导出”的第一步，但它仍不是最终边界：后端库暂时会带入较多 editor 代码和全局状态。
+- 新增静态库 `libolive-rendercore`，仅包含渲染核心代码：
+  - 渲染器基类与数据类型：`Renderer`、`Texture`、`VideoParams`、`ShaderCode`、`AcceleratedJob`、`ShaderJob`。
+  - 动态适配器：`DynamicRenderer`、`renderbackend_c.h`。
+  - 必要的 value/config/工具：`node/value`、`node/param`、`node/valuedatabase`、`config/config`、`common/filefunctions`、`common/qtutils`、`common/avframeptr`。
+- `oakgl`/`oakvulkan` 现在只链接 `libolive-rendercore`，不再链接完整 `libolive-editor`。
+- `liboakgl.so` / `liboakvulkan.so` 体积从约 21 MB 降至约 600 KB。
+- 为隔离依赖做的头文件清理：
+  - `renderer.h` 移除 `node/node.h`、`render/colorprocessor.h`、`render/job/colortransformjob.h`、`job/pluginjob.h`，改为前向声明。
+  - `videoparams.h` 移除 `ofxImageEffect.h`，OFX 字符串 setter 实现下移到 `videoparams.cpp`。
+  - `texture.h` 用新增的 `common/avframeptr.h` 替代 `common/ffmpegutils.h`，避免后端拉入大量 FFmpeg 工具代码。
+  - `renderer.cpp` 的颜色管理（`GetColorContext` / `BlitColorManaged`）和隔行（`InterlaceTexture`）实现分别拆到 `render/colormanagement.cpp` 和 `render/interlacetexture.cpp`，这两个文件仍由 editor/worker 链接，但不进入后端库。
+- 修复了拆分过程中暴露的 `StyleManager::kDefaultStyle` 跨库符号问题：改为 header 内 `inline static` 定义，使 `config.cpp` 在后端库中自包含。
 
-已新增 `DynamicRenderBackend.LoadsExperimentalOpenGLBackend` smoke test：默认构建跳过，实验构建会实际加载 `liboakgl` 并验证 create/destroy C ABI 路径。
+剩余优化空间：
-
+- 长远可将 `libolive-editor` 也改为依赖 `libolive-rendercore`，彻底消除渲染核心代码在主程序与后端库之间的重复编译/重复链接。当前阶段先保证后端边界干净、主程序保持兼容。
-已新增可选 `oak_renderer_is_available` C ABI：后端库可以在被加载和 create 后报告自身是否可用。OpenGL 后端返回可用；Vulkan 占位后端返回不可用，适配器随后卸载它并回退 OpenGL。这把“后端存在”和“后端可用于渲染”分开，避免后续最小化链接边界时把不可用实现误接入渲染路径。
-
-已新增 `oak_renderer_get_info` C ABI：后端库可以报告 ABI 版本、后端类型、能力位和状态字符串。默认构建也会编译检查 OpenGL/Vulkan 两个 C wrapper，避免只在实验构建中发现 C ABI 破损。
-
-因此动态后端成为默认路径前，仍需要把 OpenGL 后端库的链接边界收敛到最小集合：
-
-- 后端库只拥有 OpenGL/Vulkan native 操作和必要的后端私有状态。
-- 主程序侧保留项目、节点、任务、cache、OpenFX host 等 editor 状态。
-- 如果某个后端函数需要主程序创建 `Texture` 或访问 cache，用 C callback table 从后端回调主程序，而不是把完整 editor 链进后端库。
-- `OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND` 可用于实验构建和加载验证；默认启用前必须完成最小链接边界拆分并通过 CI。
 
 ## 阶段 3：Vulkan 后端
 
-- 新增 Vulkan 后端库。
+- 新增 Vulkan 后端库 `liboakvulkan.so`。
-- 已新增 `liboakvulkan.so` 实验占位库：内部使用 C++，对外导出与 OpenGL 后端一致的 C ABI；当前 `oak_renderer_is_available` 返回 `false`，请求 Vulkan 时由 `DynamicRenderer` 自动回退 OpenGL。
+- 新增 `VulkanRenderer` 类，继承 `Renderer`，使用原生 Vulkan API 实现 offscreen 渲染管线。
-- 已新增 `DynamicRenderBackend.FallsBackWhenExperimentalVulkanUnavailable` smoke test：默认构建跳过，实验构建验证 Vulkan 占位后端可加载且不会被误用为可渲染后端。
+- CMake 集成：根目录查找 `Vulkan` 和 `shaderc`（可选）；`oakvulkan` 目标链接 `Vulkan::Vulkan` 与 `shaderc_shared`。
-- 实现 Vulkan instance/device/swapchain 或 offscreen image 管理。
+- 实现 Vulkan instance/device/queue/command pool 管理。
-- 实现 texture 创建、上传、下载、shader 编译/缓存、blit、clear、flush。
+- 实现 offscreen image/texture 管理（`CreateNativeTexture` / `DestroyNativeTexture`），支持 2D/3D、多种 pixel format（U8/U16/F16/F32 × 1/2/3/4 channel）。
-- 提供 OpenGL 辅助格式转换函数的 Vulkan 替代版本。
+- 实现 staging buffer 上传/下载（`UploadToTexture` / `DownloadFromTexture`）。
-- 确认 CPU readback、proxy preview、scope、thumbnail/cache 输出一致。
+- 实现 `ClearDestination`（`vkCmdClearColorImage`）。
+- 实现 `Flush`（`vkDeviceWaitIdle`）。
+- 实现 GLSL → SPIR-V 运行时编译（通过 `shaderc`），支持自动 uniform binding。
+- 实现基础 graphics pipeline 用于 `Blit`（全屏 quad、顶点缓冲、固定 render pass、combined image sampler descriptor set）。
+- 提供 `GetPixelFromTexture`（基于 `DownloadFromTexture` 的简化实现）。
+- `oak_renderer_is_available` 现在会在首次检查时尝试 `Init()`，成功后报告 Vulkan 可用。
+- 测试更新：
+  - `LoadsExperimentalVulkanBackendWhenAvailable`：验证 Vulkan 后端可加载、初始化、报告能力位。
+  - `FallsBackWhenExperimentalVulkanUnavailable`：在 Vulkan 不可用的系统上验证回退 OpenGL；在 Vulkan 可用的系统上自动 SKIP。
+- **已修复的限制**：
+  - `Blit` 中的 uniform/push constant 传递：已实现完整的 UBO 路径。`CreateNativeShader` 编译前自动将 GLSL 独立 uniform 转换为 `layout(set=0, binding=0) uniform UniformBuffer` 块；`Blit` 遍历 `ShaderJob` values 按 std140 布局填充 UBO 数据并绑定到 descriptor set。
+  - `GetPixelFromTexture`：已优化为仅下载 1×1 像素区域。
+  - RenderPass 格式缓存：已删除固定 `R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT` render pass，改为按 `VkFormat` 缓存；`CreatePipelineForShader` 按 (shader, render_pass_format) 缓存 pipeline。
+- **已知限制 / 待完善**：
+  - 链接边界已最小化，`liboakvulkan.so` 现在只依赖 `libolive-rendercore`。
+  - 尚未在 proxy、thumbnail/cache 等完整渲染路径上验证 Vulkan 输出一致性。
 
-## 阶段 4：Viewer 双后端
+## 阶段 4：Viewer 双后端（默认路径已切换）
 
 - 当前 viewer display 基于 OpenGL widget 和 GL texture id。
-- 已在 `OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND=ON` 实验构建下让 Viewer 的 managed display 使用 `DynamicRenderer` 创建 renderer，并把现有 `QOpenGLContext` 传入动态后端；默认构建仍直接使用 `OpenGLRenderer`。
+- 默认构建下 Viewer 的 managed display 现在使用 `DynamicRenderer` 创建 renderer，并把现有 `QOpenGLContext` 传入动态后端；若动态后端加载失败则回退到 `OpenGLRenderer`。
-- 新增 backend-neutral viewer path。
+- `OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND` 默认改为 `ON`，保留 `OFF` 作为应急开关。
+- 新增 backend-neutral viewer path 骨架：
+  - `ManagedDisplayWidget` 支持非 OpenGL inner widget（普通 `QWidget`），通过 `Renderer::IsOpenGL()` 判断。
+  - `RenderManager` 不再在 `requested_backend_ == kVulkan` 时强制 fallback。
+  - `ViewerDisplayWidget` 已移除 `glIsTexture()` 的直接 OpenGL 依赖，改为通用的跨 renderer texture 拷贝。
+  - `ScopeBase` 在 backend-neutral 时安全跳过（TODO：完整 scope display 路径）。
 - OpenGL 使用现有 `QOpenGLWidget/QOpenGLWindow`。
-- Vulkan 使用 `QVulkanWindow` 或 Qt RHI/QRhi 显示路径。
+- Vulkan viewer 完整 readback display 路径（offscreen texture → download → QImage → QPainter）已实现：
+  - 新增 `ManagedDisplayWidgetBackendNeutral`，在普通 `QWidget` 的 `paintEvent` 中转发到 `ManagedDisplayWidget::OnPaint`。
+  - `ViewerDisplayWidget::OnPaint` 在 backend-neutral 模式下改用 `QPainter` 填充背景，将颜色管理后的画面渲染到 U8 RGBA offscreen texture，再 `Download` 到 CPU buffer，最后用 `QImage::Format_RGBA8888_Premultiplied` + `setDevicePixelRatio` 绘制到 inner widget。
+  - OpenGL 路径保持原有 `BlitColorManaged` 直接到 widget 不变。
 - Viewer 只消费后端 texture handle 或 readback frame，不直接假设 GL texture id。
 
-## 阶段 5：OpenFX 处理边界
+## 阶段 5：OpenFX 处理边界（已完成）
 
 - OpenFX 插件 OpenGL 渲染路径保留 OpenGL 依赖，不强行改写。
-- 格式转换、readback、upload 等辅助函数移入后端库。
+- `PluginRenderer` 不再继承 `OpenGLRenderer`，改为持有通用的 `Renderer *`：
-- Vulkan 后端提供等价辅助函数。
+  - OpenGL 渲染路径仅在 `renderer_->IsOpenGL()` 为 true 时启用，并正确调用 `OlivePluginInstance::setOpenGLEnabled(use_opengl)`。
-- 如果某个 OFX 插件必须走 OpenGL，则在 Vulkan 项目里明确使用 OpenGL 兼容路径或回退。
+  - 非 OpenGL 渲染器（Vulkan、DynamicRenderer 加载的任意后端）自动回退到 CPU readback/upload 路径，不再因缺少 OpenGL context 而直接跳过插件渲染。
+- 将 OFX 输出纹理绑定/解绑抽象为 `Renderer::AttachOutputTexture` / `DetachOutputTexture`：
+  - `OpenGLRenderer` 实现为 `AttachTextureAsDestination` / `DetachTextureAsDestination`。
+  - C ABI 新增 `oak_renderer_attach_output_texture` / `oak_renderer_detach_output_texture`。
+  - `DynamicRenderer` 通过 C ABI 转发，使动态 OpenGL 后端也能支持 OFX OpenGL 渲染。
+  - `VulkanRenderer` 默认 no-op，Vulkan 项目中的 OFX 插件回退到 CPU 路径。
+- 格式转换（`ConvertFrameIfNeeded`、`ConvertTextureForParams`）、readback（`ReadbackTextureToFrame`）、upload 等辅助函数保持后端无关，通过 `Renderer` 接口调用，无需移入后端库。
+- `RenderProcessor::ProcessPluginJob` 不再要求 `render_ctx_` 实现 `OpenGLContextProvider`，任何 `Renderer` 都能驱动插件渲染。
+- 更新相关 gtest：`PluginRenderer` 构造函数现在需要传入 renderer 指针，测试传入 `nullptr` 验证纯 CPU 路径。
 
 ## 完成标准
 
-- 主程序不直接 new `OpenGLRenderer` 作为默认渲染路径，而是通过动态后端适配器创建。
+- [x] 主程序默认不再直接 new `OpenGLRenderer`，而是通过 `DynamicRenderer` 动态加载 OpenGL/Vulkan 后端；加载失败时保留回退到 `OpenGLRenderer` 的安全路径。
-- OpenGL 后端库可单独构建、加载、初始化、销毁。
+- [x] `OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND` 默认 `ON`，`liboakgl.so` / `liboakvulkan.so` 默认构建并安装。
-- 用户能在配置中选择 OpenGL/Vulkan。
+- [x] OpenGL 后端库可单独构建、加载、初始化、销毁。
-- Vulkan 未实现完整 renderer 前，请求 Vulkan 不崩溃，并有明确回退。
+- [x] 用户能在配置中选择 OpenGL/Vulkan。
-- 手工测试计划覆盖 OpenGL/Vulkan 选择、重启持久化、回退、viewer、proxy、scope、导出。
+- [x] Vulkan 不可用时自动回退到 OpenGL，不崩溃。
+- [x] 链接边界已最小化：`oakgl` / `oakvulkan` 现在只链接独立的 `libolive-rendercore`，不再拉入完整 editor 代码；库体积从约 21 MB 降至约 600 KB。
+- [x] Vulkan viewer 完整 readback display 路径已实现（offscreen texture → download → QImage → QPainter）。
+- [x] OpenFX 插件渲染边界已处理：`PluginRenderer` 后端无关化，非 OpenGL 渲染器自动回退 CPU 路径，动态 OpenGL 后端通过 C ABI 支持 OFX OpenGL 输出绑定。
+- [ ] 手工测试计划覆盖 viewer、proxy、scope、导出等完整路径。

tests/gtest/dynamic_render_backend_test.cpp

@@ -22,6 +22,28 @@ TEST(DynamicRenderBackend, LoadsExperimentalOpenGLBackend)
 #endif
 }
 
+TEST(DynamicRenderBackend, LoadsExperimentalVulkanBackendWhenAvailable)
+{
+#ifndef OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND
+	GTEST_SKIP() << "Dynamic render backend is not enabled in this build";
+#else
+	olive::DynamicRenderer renderer(QStringLiteral("vulkan"));
+	ASSERT_TRUE(renderer.Load());
+	OakRenderBackendInfo info = {};
+	ASSERT_TRUE(renderer.GetBackendInfo(&info));
+	if (info.kind != OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_VULKAN) {
+		GTEST_SKIP() << "Vulkan backend is not available on this system";
+	}
+	EXPECT_EQ(renderer.backend_name(), QStringLiteral("vulkan"));
+	EXPECT_EQ(renderer.OpenGLContext(), nullptr);
+	EXPECT_STREQ(info.name, "vulkan");
+	EXPECT_TRUE(info.capabilities & OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_CAP_TEXTURES);
+	EXPECT_TRUE(info.capabilities & OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_CAP_SHADERS);
+	EXPECT_TRUE(info.capabilities & OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_CAP_BLIT);
+	EXPECT_TRUE(info.capabilities & OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_CAP_READBACK);
+#endif
+}
+
 TEST(DynamicRenderBackend, FallsBackWhenExperimentalVulkanUnavailable)
 {
 #ifndef OAK_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_RENDER_BACKEND
@@ -29,10 +51,13 @@ TEST(DynamicRenderBackend, FallsBackWhenExperimentalVulkanUnavailable)
 #else
 	olive::DynamicRenderer renderer(QStringLiteral("vulkan"));
 	ASSERT_TRUE(renderer.Load());
-	EXPECT_EQ(renderer.backend_name(), QStringLiteral("opengl"));
-	EXPECT_EQ(renderer.OpenGLContext(), nullptr);
 	OakRenderBackendInfo info = {};
 	ASSERT_TRUE(renderer.GetBackendInfo(&info));
+	if (info.kind == OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_VULKAN) {
+		GTEST_SKIP() << "Vulkan backend is available on this system; skip fallback test";
+	}
+	EXPECT_EQ(renderer.backend_name(), QStringLiteral("opengl"));
+	EXPECT_EQ(renderer.OpenGLContext(), nullptr);
 	EXPECT_EQ(info.kind, OAK_RENDER_BACKEND_OPENGL);
 	EXPECT_STREQ(info.name, "opengl");
 #endif

tests/gtest/plugin_ofx_integration_test.cpp

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ TEST(PluginIntegration, ChromaKeyerCreateAndRender)
 	olive::plugin::PluginJob job(instance, nullptr, row);
 	olive::TexturePtr output = std::make_shared<olive::Texture>(params);
 
-	olive::plugin::PluginRenderer renderer;
+	olive::plugin::PluginRenderer renderer(nullptr);
 	renderer.RenderPlugin(input, job, output, params, true, false);
 
 	EXPECT_TRUE(output->frame());

tests/gtest/plugin_ofx_misc_test.cpp

@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ bool RenderPlugin(const std::string &plugin_id,
 	PluginJob job(instance, nullptr, inputs);
 	TexturePtr output = std::make_shared<Texture>(params);
 	
-	PluginRenderer renderer;
+	PluginRenderer renderer(nullptr);
 	renderer.RenderPlugin(nullptr, job, output, params, true, false);
 	
 	bool has_frame = output->frame() != nullptr;